Sharing is (s)caring? Interactions between buses and bicyclists on bus lanes shared with bicyclists

This paper presents the results of an observation study of interactions between bicyclists and buses on shared bus lanes. The aim of the paper is to analyse bicyclists’ safety on bus lanes shared with bicyclists. Straight sections of two bus lanes shared with bicyclists in Belgium are observed. All interactions between bicyclists and buses over two full weeks are recorded and analysed. Additionally, the lateral position and riding speed of bicyclists that are in interaction with buses are compared with the behaviour of bicyclists that are not in interaction with buses. One of the observed bus lanes is in line with road design guidelines in a number of countries that state that a sufficiently narrow bus lane (<3.5 m) is hypothesised to be safer than a somewhat wider bus lane; the other observed bus lane is deemed too wide according to these guidelines and is hypothesised to lead to close overtaking manoeuvres.The results show that close interactions between bicyclists and buses are relatively frequent on both types of analysed bus lanes. Close overtaking manoeuvres (a bus overtakes a bicyclist with a lateral distance less than 1 m) as well as close bicycle-following situations (a bus drives behind a bicyclist with a time gap less than 2 s) are quite common on both analysed bus lanes. The analyses could not confirm the hypothesis that a sufficiently narrow bus lane is safer than a wider bus lane. On the contrary, close interactions seem even slightly more common on the narrower bus lane. Slightly more close overtaking manoeuvres take place on the narrower bus lane, but the difference is not statistically significant. Additionally, more bicycle-following situations take place on the narrower bus lane because overtaking is more difficult. The results show that buses often maintain a close time gap in these situations. The overtaking speed of the buses is, however, significantly higher on the wider bus lane compared to the narrower one.Moreover, the presence of a bus has an influence on the behaviour of bicyclists. Bicyclists who get overtaken by a bus ride more closely to the edge of the road than bicyclists who are not in interaction with a bus. While the road design guidelines assume that bicyclists take up a width of one meter from the edge on bus lanes shared with bicyclists, the observations show that bicyclists take up much less space while being overtaken. The presence of a bus does not have a significant influence on the standard deviation of the lateral position of the bicyclist. On the narrower bus lane, some findings suggest that bicyclists who are involved in an interaction with a bus ride faster than bicyclists who are not involved in an interaction with a bus.     

Développement des collectifs de travail et développement de la sécurité : une étude sur les décisions à risque en anesthésie

This article highlights the collective dimensions of risk management for patients before an anesthesia. After a phase of observation of real activity, interviews were conducted with 20 anesthetists from two French hospitals. The analysis reveals interindividual diversity in practices. This diversity is explained by the inclusion, in decisions, of knowledge about “distributed” skills in the team and about local “shared practice”. The results establish a link between the site where the anesthetists are working and the choice of an anesthetic technique. They also show that the positioning of anesthetist vis-à-vis the “shared practice” is significantly related to their seniority in the profession. These results open perspectives for research and intervention for the joint development of collective work and safety.     

Value expectation confirmation and word-of-mouth intention among international tourists of a cultural festival experience

We examined expectation conformation and word-of-mouth marketing intention among international tourists (177 white; 138 black; and 98 Asian) who experienced a tourism promotion cultural festival event; taking into account their personal, artistic, and societal cultural values. We applied multiple regression analysis to predict expectation conformation and word-of-mouth marketing intention from the tourists’ personal, artistic, and societal cultural values. For the white and Asian tourists, sociocultural value predicted expectation confirmation the most. For the black tourists, personal value explained their expectation confirmation more than did sociocultural value. Culturally framed perceived values appear to influence the ways tourists respond to tourism festivals.     

自动化信任和依赖对航空安全的危害及其改进

自动化系统在现今航空业中得到了广泛应用,然而复杂的自动化系统的引入产生了新的失误模式,使航空人因安全问题变得更加突出。受多种因素影响,操作者在与自动化系统的交互过程中并不总能达到适度的信任校准水平。非适度自动化信任和依赖引发了严重的航空安全事故。值得欣慰的是,以人为中心的自动化显示设计和训练能够将非适度自动化信任和依赖调整到适度状态。     

心理资本与建言行为的关系:变革开放性和组织支持感的作用研究

基于积极心理资本理论和情感事件理论相结合的理论视角,研究采用两阶段追踪问卷调查方法收集数据,探讨了心理资本与员工建言行为的关系以及变革开放性和组织支持感在这个过程中的作用机制。数据分析结果表明:员工心理资本显著正向影响建言行为,变革开放性在心理资本与建言行为之间起着部分中介作用,组织支持感显著调节心理资本通过变革开放性影响建言行为的间接效应,在高组织支持感的条件下,变革开放性在心理资本影响建言行为过程中的中介作用显著,但是在低组织支持感的条件下,变革开放性的中介作用不明显。。     

个体及同伴调节聚焦对目标追求的影响

探讨个体与同伴的调节聚焦对目标追求的影响及感知相似性在其中的作用。回归分析显示,个体促进聚焦×同伴促进聚焦交互项显著预测同伴作用评价、求助意愿及动机水平,简单斜率分析表明,同伴为高促进聚焦时个体促进聚焦的积极效应更明显。中介分析表明,感知相似性是个体促进聚焦×同伴促进聚焦交互项与同伴作用评价、求助意愿之间关系的中介变量。总的来说,同伴调节聚焦能调节个体调节聚焦与目标追求的关系,且这一作用部分受到感知相似性的中介。     

下属越轨创新对主管阻抑的影响——地位威胁感和权威主义取向的作用

主管阻抑作为一种相对隐蔽的负性领导行为,会潜移默化地削弱下属的绩效表现。有鉴于此,探索主管阻抑的发生机制,能够帮助我们更好地预防主管阻抑。本研究基于125份两时间点的上下级配对数据,探讨了下属越轨创新对主管阻抑的影响机理。结果表明:下属越轨创新会诱发主管阻抑,主管的地位威胁感在此过程中起部分中介作用;此外,主管权威主义取向对下属越轨创新与地位威胁感之间的正向关系具有显著的强化效应。     

Magnification rate of objects in a perspective image to fit to our perception

Abstract: A landscape photograph may give a different impression from that formed at the real scene, with respect to the size and distance of objects. Researchers have reported that the perceived sizes and distances of objects in a photograph are not identical to those in a real space. In order to develop a method to create a graphic image that is close to our visual impression as seen in the real space, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we examined how the magnification rate of the perceived size to the object size on the retina varied with the viewing distance (range was from 1 m to 10 m). In Experiment 2, we examined whether transformation based on the magnification rate is effective for creating an image that matches the perceived size of the object at the scene. Our results indicate that the magnification rate is useful for transforming the perspective image to match our perception of the objects regardless of the viewing distance.     

Teaching preschool children to avoid poison hazards

We evaluated the effectiveness of group safety training and in situ feedback and response interruption to teach preschool children to avoid consuming potentially hazardous substances. Three children ingested ambiguous substances during a baited baseline assessment condition and continued to ingest these substances following group safety training. In situ feedback and response interruption resulted in a decrease in opening ambiguous containers; this decrease was maintained when ambiguous novel containers were presented and when assessments occurred in a novel setting and with a novel experimenter. For 2 children, these gains were also maintained during a brief follow-up period. Twelve children did not ingest ambiguous substances prior to training, and group safety training did not evoke inappropriate ingestion.     

飞行管理态度对航线飞行驾驶行为规范性的影响

在对航线飞行管理态度量表进行验证性因素分析的基础上,通过对飞行员航线飞行中所表现出的驾驶行为规范性水平的实时评估, 着重探讨了飞行管理态度与航线飞行员驾驶舱操作行为规范性水平之间的关系。结果表明： （1）由基本组织态度、驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度所构成的航线飞行管理态度量表三因素结构模型具有良好的拟合效果和较高的信、效度,达到了心理计量学的标准。（2）基本组织态度中的组织信任度和工作满意度分别对驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度产生显著影响,但并不直接影响飞行员的驾驶行为,而驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度两个因素对航线飞行驾驶行为的规范性有显著影响。研究提示,基本组织态度通过驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度间接影响驾驶行为的规范性。因此,驾驶舱工作态度和自动化驾驶态度构成了影响航线飞行员驾驶行为规范性的两个重要中介变量。研究为中国文化背景下的航空安全文化特征诊断和CRM训练奠定了一定的工作基础