The effect of priming a thin ideal on the subsequent perception of conceptually related body image words

Our research examined the effects of thin ideal priming on the perception of body image words in participants without an eating disorder. Half of the participants were primed by viewing thin models, and half were primed with gender-neutral shoes. Subsequently, all participants (N = 56) completed a Stroop task for three categories of words: neutral (BOOKS), shoe (CLOGS), and body (THIGHS). Lastly, all participants completed a body dissatisfaction questionnaire. We predicted that body dissatisfaction scores would be correlated with the Stroop effect. We found a significant correlation between body dissatisfaction and the body effect of slower color naming times for the body related words compared to the neutral words. Our study demonstrates that body dissatisfaction and a brief priming with thin models results in subsequent differences in performing a Stroop task in a non clinical population of female participants.     

关于组织支持感的研究评述

本文从组织支持感产生的理论背景出发,简要介绍了国内外关于组织支持感的研究,主要包括组织支持感研究的理论基础、组织支持感的概念和测量工具、组织支持感的其前因变量和结果变量等方面,并指出了组织支持感理论在现代组织中的应用价值和意义,以及目前存在的问题和对今后研究的展望。     

中小学教师职业生涯高原现象的特征及相关因素

对428名中小学教师的职业生涯高原现象及其影响因素进行调查,分析当前中小学教师职业生涯高原现象的特征,探索其形成的影响因素并编制了三个教师职业生涯高原影响因素量表,分别为职业情感量表、背景支持量表、社会压力量表。研究结果表明自编的三个教师职业生涯高原影响因素量表具有较好的信、效度;相关分析表明教师职业生涯高原与职业情感、背景支持、社会压力显著相关;回归模型的比较表明,教师的职业情感对教师职业生涯高原的形成影响最大,其次是社会压力、背景支持;教师职业情感在背景支持和社会压力对教师职业生涯高原形成的影响中起着部分中介的作用。     

《周易四笺》的符号学解读

本文的目的在于从符号学的角度解读茶山丁若镛的《周易四笺》。西方的符号学与《周易》是目的不同的体系。不过由于《周易》是由六十四卦和三百八十四爻的符号构成,因此符号学读法与《周易》文本的本质性格是完全吻合的。《周易》符号论的特征在于运用泛符号主义的观点把宇宙的森罗万象看成是符号界。在《周易》里,有记录特定历史事件的卦爻辞,由此我们可以找到复原诞生符号的历史文化空间的决定性线索。笔者将通过探讨茶山对这些卦爻辞的解释,重温茶山的解释所具有的可行性。     

Emotional Responses to Pictures of Oneself in Healthy College Age Females

Emotional responses related to self-perceptions were investigated in healthy college-aged females using a picture-viewing paradigm that consisted of four categories of pictures (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant, and full body pictures of themselves). The startle eye-blink reflex, facial EMG, and self-reported valence, arousal, and dominance measures were recorded for each picture. Startle reflex and facial EMG measures exhibited decreased activation for self-pictures compared to the other affective categories. Self-reports indicated self-pictures were rated as moderately pleasant, low arousing, and moderately dominant relative to the other affective picture categories. The findings of reduced startle blink reflex coupled with decreased activation for all facial EMG measures and the moderate self-report ratings suggest increased attentional processing for self-pictures. These findings provide an understanding of emotional responses to self-perceptions in healthy young females.     

Image Events, the Public Sphere, and Argumentative Practice: The Case of Radical Environmental Groups

Operating from the assumption that a primary dynamic of contemporary public argument involves the use of visual images the authors explore the argumentative possibilities of the `image events' (staged protests designed for media dissemination) employed by radical ecology groups. In contextualizing their discussion, the authors offer an analysis of the contemporary conditions for argumentation by describing the character and operation of public communication, social problem creation, and public opinion formation in a mass-mediated public sphere. The authors argue that image events are a form of postmodern argumentative practice, a kind of oppositional argument that creates social controversy, and animates and widens possibilities for debate. They further suggest that image events are a postmodern form of argument involving acts of protest which deliver images as argumentative fragments. Employing the tools of traditional argument theory the authors describe how images are capable of offering unstated propositions and advancing indirect and incomplete claims in ways that function to block enthymemes and advance alternatives. In concluding, the authors discuss the implications of image events for our understanding of the public sphere and the possibilities for argumentation in a postmodern age.     

Television Viewers' Ideal Body Proportions: The Case of the Curvaceously Thin Woman

Dozens of studies have linked ideal-body media exposure to the idealization of a slim female figure, but none have examined the proportions of this figure. College women's and men's exposure to ideal-body images on television was correlated with their perceptions of the ideal female bust, waist, and hip sizes and their approval of surgical body-alteration methods. For women, exposure to ideal-body images on television predicted the choice of a smaller waist and hips, and either a larger bust (for those who perceived themselves to be smaller-busted) or a smaller bust (for those who perceived themselves to be larger-busted). For both women and men, exposure to ideal-body images on television predicted approval of women's use of surgical body-alteration methods such as liposuction and breast augmentation.     

Emerging Adulthood in American and British Samples: Individuals' Personality and Health Risk Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between instrumental and expressive traits, and health-related behaviors among individuals in emerging adulthood (18–25 years old) in two Western societies. Individuals (100 males, 100 females) in an American sample and a British sample (36 males, 75 females) completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, a measure of neuroticism, the Health Behaviors Inventory, and two measures of perceived physical health. As hypothesized, in support of the androgyny model, individuals in both samples who scored high on both instrumental and expressive traits reported better health practices (i.e. safety belt use, less smoking) than individuals who scored low on both sets of traits or high on only one set of traits, after controlling for neuroticism. As hypothesized, for both samples, neuroticism explained more variance in perceived physical health than the other personality traits.     

影响员工工作投入的组织相关因素研究

以361名企事业员工为被试,采用问卷法和结构方程建模分析方法探讨了组织公平、角色压力、组织支持感和组织承诺对工作投入的影响及其途径。结果表明:角色压力、组织公平与组织支持感均对工作投入和组织承诺有较好的预测效力。经检验,组织公平和组织支持感对工作投入产生显著的间接影响,组织承诺则主要表现为直接影响;而角色压力对于工作投入既有直接影响,又存在间接影响。     

Relationships with Parents, Spousal Reciprocity, and Psychological Distress in Middle-Age Adults

Data from 301 middle-age couples were employed to investigate links between their recalled parents’ parenting styles and perceptions of reciprocity with their parents, as well as their current perceptions of spousal reciprocity, on their psychological distress. The research extends Baumrind’s theory of childhood parenting styles and Youniss’ theory of late adolescents’ perceived reciprocity to a developmental model for middle-age psychological distress. Differential effects were found according to the gender of both the offspring and the parent. There were significant positive findings only if the opposite-sex parent was perceived as authoritative, and significant negative findings if the same-sex parent was perceived as authoritarian. Regression models indicated mediated, integrated relationships (through maternal and spousal reciprocity) for females, but no mediations were found for males. Significantly more variance in emotional distress was explained by spousal reciprocity than by the parent related variables, and for the men than for the women.