学习考察德国紧急救援应急管理体系

德国的紧急救援应急体系结构合理,网络密集,分工明确,责任清晰,法制健全,管理先进,技术精良。特别是他们以人为本,尊重生命,未雨绸缪,防患于未然的理念;全民参与,平战结合,组织志愿者,从娃娃抓起的组织机构;合理分工,严谨、科学的态度更值得我们称道。为我们做好灾难应急救援工作提供了可以学习的经验和模式。     

Kindergarten self-control mediates the gender reading achievement gap: A population-based cohort study

Could superior self-control explain the gender difference in reading achievement favoring girls? To test this idea, we drew on a unique population-based sample (N = 11,336) where self-control was measured in kindergarten using a multimethod battery of assessments. Girls showed substantially higher levels of self-control in kindergarten (β = 0.47) and outperformed boys on standardized tests of reading achievement in third/fourth grade (β = 0.20). Further, kindergarten self-control prospectively predicted reading achievement throughout elementary school (β = 0.37). Connecting these findings, our mediation analyses revealed that the female self-control advantage in kindergarten could account for subsequent gender differences in reading achievement. Our results suggest that early gender differences in self-control may represent a key pathway through which gender disparities in reading skills, vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension occur.     

“Seeing Rain”: Integrating phenomenological and Bayesian predictive coding approaches to visual hallucinations and self-disturbances (Ichstörungen) in schizophrenia

We present a schizophrenia patient who reports “seeing rain” with attendant somatosensory features which separate him from his surroundings. Because visual/multimodal hallucinations are understudied in schizophrenia, we examine a case history to determine the role of these hallucinations in self-disturbances (Ichstörungen). Developed by the early Heidelberg School, self-disturbances comprise two components: 1. The self experiences its own automatic processing as alien to self in a split-off, “doubled-I.” 2. In “I-paralysis,” the disruption to automatic processing is now outside the self in omnipotent agents. Self-disturbances (as indicated by visual/multimodal hallucinations) involve impairment in the ability to predict moment-to-moment experiences in the ongoing perception-action cycle. The phenomenological approach to subjective experience of self-disturbances complements efforts to model psychosis using the computational framework of hierarchical predictive coding. We conclude that self-disturbances play an adaptive, compensatory role following the uncoupling of perception and action, and possibly, other low-level perceptual anomalies.     

左侧眶额皮层在自动情绪调节下注意选择中的作用：来自经颅直流电刺激的证据

前人研究表明自动情绪调节能够自上而下地影响情绪及情绪性注意过程。近来有研究提示自动情绪调节与眶额皮层(orbitofrontal cortex, OFC)有关。也有研究表明左侧OFC的激活影响负性注意偏向。本研究采用经颅直流电刺激技术,考察阈下启动情绪控制目标条件下,抑制左侧眶额皮层兴奋性是否影响负性注意偏向。结果发现,使用阴极刺激抑制左侧OFC活动可以加快被试对与恐惧刺激位置一致的探测点的反应。该结果提示左侧眶额皮层是自动情绪调节下情绪性注意选择相关的重要脑区。     

罕见病患者权利保障的伦理责任

罕见病患者的道德、法律、经济与文化权利都无法得到应有保障。这与传统道德以亲疏远近来决定责任的承担顺序有关。在这种道德模式下,各个责任主体对罕见病患者的有效支持不足。罗伯特·E·古丁的弱势原理提供了一个全新审视伦理责任的维度,指出责任源于弱势,责任效力与责任对象依赖责任主体的程度密切相关。从不同维度看,罕见病患者都属于弱势群体,因而可运用此原理,将其权利保障的责任分配于不同责任主体,并以责任效力的高低顺序,重构以政府、医护方、企业、社会组织、媒体与大众、家庭对罕见病患者的伦理责任体系。

     

不给予或撤除生命维持干预与安乐死、消极安乐死的概念辨析

不给予或撤除生命维持干预是临床实践中常见且棘手的伦理学问题。该问题的讨论应建立在清晰的概念之上,但不给予或撤除生命维持干预常与安乐死、消极安乐死和尊严死等概念混淆,引发误解。重新定义安乐死和消极安乐死具有理论和现实的紧迫性。基于汤姆•比彻姆和阿诺德•戴维森提出的安乐死定义,提出消极安乐死的定义。基于该定义,认为不给予或撤除生命维持干预与消极安乐死为交叉关系。鉴于安乐死概念的争议及其富含的感情色彩,强调讨论生命维持干预的使用时应区分事实与价值,并建议慎用或弃用安乐死与消极安乐死。

     

家庭及社会支持对城乡老年人心理健康影响的研究——以河北省城乡老年人调查为例

探究家庭及社会支持对老年人心理健康的影响,选取河北省6 173名60岁及以上城乡老年人,采用社会支持和心理健康症状自评量表进行问卷调查。城乡老年人心理健康评测结果显示,有心理症状者占22.9%;社会支持以低中度水平为主,占77.4%;家庭功能以一般及以下为主,占86.3%;经常与子女交流者占53.7%;得到社区帮助者占84.7%;社会支持、家庭功能、与子女交流情况、得到基层社区卫生服务情况均与城乡老年人的心理健康显著相关。统计结果揭示,我国应加大家庭及社会对老年人的支持力度,改善其心理健康状况。     

In Pursuit of Everyday Creativity

Creativity researchers have long paid careful attention to individual creativity, beginning with studies of well‐known geniuses, and expanding to personality, biographical, cognitive, and social‐psychological studies of individual creative behavior. Little is known, however, about the everyday psychological experience and associated creative behavior in the life and work of ordinary individuals. Yet evidence is mounting that such individuals can be responsible for important instances of creativity and innovation in the world: open innovation, user innovation, and citizen innovation. Research into this phenomenon could do much to advance the study and practice of creativity.     

Safer driver responses at intersections with green signal countdown timers

Traffic signal countdown timers (TSCTs) are innovative, practical, and cost effective technologies with the potential to improve safety at signalized intersections. The purpose of these devices is to assist motorists in decision-making at signalized intersections by providing them with real-time signal duration information. This study examines US driver responses in the presence of a green signal countdown timer (GSCT) and the implications those responses have on intersection safety. A driving simulator study was conducted to record driver responses to virtual GSCTs. Fifty-five participants (32 male and 23 female) responded to 1100 simulated traffic signals, half of which had GSCTs. A predictive model was developed and validated to estimate the change in driver’s probability to stop at different distances from the stop line in the presence of a GSCT. The presence of a GSCT increased average driver stopping probability in the dilemma zone by 13.10%, while decreasing average driver deceleration rates by 1.50 ft/s². These results suggest that GSCTs may contribute to improved intersection safety in the US.     

Floorgasm: Queer(s), solidarity and resilience in punk

This article explores queer(ed) punk scenes, primarily in Australia. Queer ciswomen, transwomen and non-binary people aged 20–30 years are the informants here in a feminist-informed ethnographic study. They were found to engage strategies of resistance against cismale dominance at punk gigs and events in order to claim queer(ed) territory. In brief, they worked collectively to subvert the dominant patriarchal norms in punk spaces. They mobilised community-building through the politics of Do-It-Together (DIT) as a radical reshaping of the traditional punk ethos of DIY (Do-It-Yourself). They also worked to make gigs more queer-affirmative through mobilising the initiative of safe(r) spaces. We map some queer collective resilience in punk to authorise the expression of counter-hegemonic gender identities. The gig outcome was pleasurable queer solidarity enmeshed with music, a kind of metaphysical ‘floorgasm’.