实验性恶心与呕吐——大脑皮层与内脏相关研究的新途径

大脑皮层与内脏关系的脑机制是揭示心身疾病和心理疾病的重要依据。本文综述了经典条件学习与期待性恶心与呕吐的关系以及实验性恶心与呕吐的研究方法。作者认为,实验性恶心与呕吐结合脑成像技术是研究大脑皮层与内脏关系神经机制的重要途径。     

IMAGINATION'S GRIP ON SCIENCE

Abstract: In part because “imagination” is a slippery notion, its exact role in the production of scientific knowledge remains unclear. There is, however, one often explicit and deliberate use of imagination by scientists that can be (and has been) studied intensively by epistemologists and historians of science: thought experiments. The main goal of this article is to document the varieties of thought experimentation, not so much in terms of the different sciences in which they occur but rather in terms of the different functions they fulfil. I argue that thought experimentation (and hence imagination) plays a role not only in theory choice but in singular causal analysis and scientific discovery as well. I pinpoint, moreover, some of the rules governing the use of thought experiments in theory choice and in singular causal analysis, that is, some of the criteria they should meet in order to fulfil those functions successfully.     

FANTASY,FICTION, AND FEELINGS

Abstract: The nature of fantasy has been little discussed, despite its importance in the arts. Its significance is brought out here in relation to the long‐standing debate on the alleged paradox of fiction—that we respond emotionally to characters and events known to be unreal. Examination of the paradox shows it to be ill founded once the nature of fantasy is appreciated. Moreover, a detailed consideration of fantasy shows that it can itself provide a plausible account of our emotional reactions to creative literature, an account that, after a review of some possible objections, is then contrasted with the leading contemporary theories.     

From a Distance: Pastoral Care and Theological Education

Abstract. This article is a presentation and discussion of a seminary course on the Corinthian Correspondence. The pedagogical model for this course was structured to parallel the pattern of Paul's pastoral care from a distance as he relates to the Corinthian congregation by personal visits, delegations from and to the congregation, letters from and to the congregation, and unofficial grapevine types of communication. The course was designed for dispersed students to interact with the Corinthian letters, with each other, and with myself as instructor in ways that 1) simulate a first‐century exchange between congregation and apostle and 2) facilitate careful interpretive work on the message of these letters, including their contemporary relevance.     

想象对大学生内隐刻板印象的影响研究

通过对大学生在三种想象条件下性别-职业刻板印象的IAT的结果的对比进行实验。研究表明:反刻板印象想象策略的干预效果明显,刻板印象的内隐效应在明显地减弱;即使是大学生,在性别-职业刻板印象上也存在内隐效应,而且没有性别差异;内隐刻板印象具有一定的适应性,在内隐的和无意识的水平上反刻板印象想象无法完全消除刻板印象。     

From Speechlessness to Presence

Spiritual direction, or the directed art of inner conversation, emerges from a psychological inflection in which we learn that radical inner otherness is the fuel of spirit. Spirit, manifesting between self and other incarnates through and in the subject, as well as through the other encountered as authentic subject. One individuates, then, by relating to the Self as a desiring subject. Moving in the direction of spirit, we push back dimension by dimension to get to one dimension. Eventually, we may encounter a numinous silence, an emptiness that is full.     

Thinking “Outside the Box”: Unconstrained Creative Generation in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Creative generation is structured around existing knowledge and task examples, yet overreliance on specific examples may limit imagination (Ward, T. B., Finke, R. A., & Smith, S. M., 1995). The constraining influence of knowledge during creative generation may be offset by conceptual expansion, a process of thinking outside traditional conceptual boundaries, which may be heightened by distractibility and mild executive dysfunction (Abraham, A., Windmann, S., Daum, I., & Güntürkün, O., 2005). The present study explored the constraining effects of knowledge in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a disorder characterized by impaired attention and inhibitory control (Barkley, R. A., 1997). College students with and without ADHD were compared on two creative generation measures: an alien fruit invention task that required participants to imagine fruit that might exist on another planet (Ward, T.B., 1994), and a product label invention task wherein the goal was to invent product names without using elements of task examples (Kray, L.J., Galinski, A.D. & Wong, E.M., 2006). ADHD participants created alien fruit that diverged more from Earth fruit and labels that conformed less to examples, relative to non-ADHD peers. Results suggest that adults with ADHD may be less constrained by knowledge during creative generation. Findings are discussed in terms of theoretical import and practical implications for individuals with ADHD.     

Why it is difficult to see the anima as a helpful object: critique and clinical relevance of the theory of archetypes

This paper is divided into three parts. The first deals briefly with more general aspects of the theory of archetypes (as conceived by Jung); the second examines the anima archetype in rather more detail, because it is, apart from the self, the main archetype in Jung's thought; and the third discusses the clinical repercussions of the anima theory and of the theory of the archetypes in general. The various references to Jung himself and certain circumstances of his life are included here on the assumption that personal problems in his biography contributed decisively to the constitution of his theory, so that deeper insights accure if they are taken into account.     

The integration problem for naive realism

This paper makes explicit the basic problem perfect hallucinations pose for perceptual naive realists, more fundamental than the well-trodden Screening-off Problem. The deeper problem offers the basis for an overarching classification of the available naive- realist-friendly approaches to perfect hallucinations. In the course of laying out the challenges to the different types of response, the paper makes a case for the superiority of a particular approach to perfect hallucinations, on which they would be understood as a special kind of perceptual anomaly—arising from a secondary mode of perceptual processing.     

Singing together in the park: Older peoples’ wellbeing and the singingscape in Guangzhou,China

The importance of adapting to later life is becoming increasingly apparent to older people as their concerns about health and wellbeing grow. Based on extensive fieldwork between 2020 and 2021 in Guangzhou, China, with older people who consider “singing together in the park” as an essential and popular everyday leisure activity, this article demonstrates how subject (older people), activity (singing), and place (park) integrate into a therapeutic space, the singingscape. Singingscape is presented in three distinct aspects: on the physical level, singingscape indicates an essential embodied experience of the connection between internal body and external environment, from which the older people can relax physically and mentally and acquire a sense of wellbeing; on the social level, singingscape fosters a positive atmosphere, where older people gain a collective sense of belonging and maintain social rhythm and social interactions with their peers; and on the imagined space level, fanciful landscapes and emotional imagination are advantageous to the wellbeing of older people. In the conceptual sense we argue that singingscape is located, experienced and integrated. Lastly, we advocate that attention should be paid to the construction of urban public spaces as vital infrastructure for older people in their everyday leisure activities.