Specificity and Abstraction of Examples: Opposite Effects on Fixation for Creative Ideation

Fixation is one of the major obstacles that individuals face in creative idea generation contexts. Several studies have shown that individuals unintentionally tend to fixate to the examples they are shown in a creative ideation task, even when instructed to avoid them. Most of these studies used examples formulated with high level of specificity. However, no study has examined individuals’ creative performance under an instruction to diverge from given examples, when these examples are formulated with a high level of abstraction. In the present study, we show that (a) instructing participants to avoid using common examples when formulated with a high level of specificity increases fixation; whereas (b) instructing participants to avoid such examples while using a more abstract level for stating these common examples—such as a categorization of these examples—mitigates fixation and doubles the number of creative ideas generated. These findings give new insights on the key role of categorization in creative ideation contexts.     

视角对高频汉字识别的影响

用EyeLinkII型眼动仪为实验设备 ,以汉字与双眼形成的视角为自变量 ,研究了视角对高频汉字识别的影响特点。本实验中的视角分为 7个水平 :2°、4°、7°、1 0°、1 3°、1 6°、1 9° ,通过自编程序 ,计算出固定距离条件中不同视角下汉字的大小 ,呈现在计算机屏幕上 ,要求被试发声识别汉字。通过对反应时、注视时间、注视次数、眼跳时间、眼跳次数、眨眼时间、眨眼次数的分析。结果发现 :不同视角条件下的反应时总体差异不显著 ,反应时随视角的变化曲线为抛物线 ,开口向上 ;汉字识别的最适宜视角为 1 0°～ 1 1°。     

阅读中关于眼动控制的研究进展

简要介绍阅读中眼动控制的研究进展,具体探讨了阅读过程中关于注视点停留位置、跳读、回视和注视时间等方面的研究,并对Morrison的眼动理论模型、O'Regan的战略战术模型和Reichle最新提出的E—Z读者模型进行了评述。最后,提出在吸收国外的这些研究成果的同时,要注意考虑中文与西文阅读的差异性。     

不同语境下汉语三声连续变调发生规律初探

采用命名任务,考察真／假词条件下,三声连续变调规律的运用及其对语音提取的影响。实验结果显示．(1)普通话流利者具有三声连续变调意识,变调的发生不受三声字所在语境的影响;(2)三声连续变调的发生影响词汇语音提取,但对类型不同的词,其影响方式存在差异。对阅读错误的分析为讨论提供了进一步证据。     

汉语阅读眼动控制:20年研究的总结

本文系统总结了20年来汉语阅读眼动控制的研究成果。在阅读过程中眼动控制主要回答两个问题:(1)哪些因素决定眼睛的注视时间(when);(2)哪些因素决定眼睛的注视位置(where)。对于第一个问题,已有研究从词边界信息、词频、熟悉性、预测性、语义透明度、具体性、非注视词的特性、词汇获得年龄进行了探讨;对于第二个问题,已有研究从汉字字号、笔画数、字结构、词长、词结构、词间空格、词频、预测性、合理性、年龄和阅读能力进行了探讨。通过比较发现,汉语阅读的眼动控制特点与拼音文字的眼动控制特点既有共同之处,又有差异之处。因此,汉语阅读的研究者需要在现有眼动控制模型的基础上,构建适合于汉语特性的眼动控制模型。     

局部注意干扰效应中的眼动特征

采用眼动追踪范式,本研究通过两个实验探讨局部注意干扰效应（LAI）的注意分配特点和机制。实验一采用搜索时间有限的范式,目标呈现70毫秒后消失,在行为和眼动指标上均发现LAI效应：当两个目标距离较近时,反应时增加,正确率降低,总注视时长增长、注视点增加和眼跳速度加快。实验二增加目标呈现时间至1500毫秒以鼓励搜索,产生了比实验一更强烈的LAI效应,且眼跳速度的模式也有不同,说明增加搜索时间并不利于减轻LAI,从而推断LAI的竞争发生在判断阶段,而非搜索和识别目标阶段。     

The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making

We demonstrate that a person's eye gaze and his/her competitiveness are closely intertwined in social decision making. In an exploratory examination of this relationship, Study 1 uses field data from a high‐stakes TV game show to demonstrate that the frequency by which contestants gaze at their opponent's eyes predicts their defection in a variant on the prisoner's dilemma. Studies 2 and 3 use experiments to examine the underlying causality and demonstrate that the relationship between gazing and competitive behavior is bi‐directional. In Study 2, fixation on the eyes, compared to the face, increases competitive behavior toward the target in an ultimatum game. In Study 3, we manipulate the framing of a negotiation (cooperative vs. competitive) and use an eye tracker to measure fixation number and time spent fixating on the counterpart's eyes. We find that a competitive negotiation elicits more gazing, which in turn leads to more competitive behavior.     

Infants' attention to an adult's demonstration of object functions: evidence for a comparator process

The present study was motivated by a concern with the cognitive processes that infants bring to bear on stimulation offered by adults. As previous studies have highlighted the importance of parental stimulation with objects, this study consisted of an experimental investigation of this context of stimulation. It was hypothesized that adults' actions that demonstrate the functions of toys activate a comparator process in 9-month-old infants. It was predicted that prior exposure to the toy in a stationary state would increase attention to a demonstrative action, as the comparator process requires time over and above the local processing of an event. This prediction was borne out: 9-month-olds infants' attention to the demonstration of the functions of a toy was augmented by immediate prior exposure to the toy in a stationary state. By contrast, attention to other actions which did not demonstrate specific functions was either significantly reduced by prior exposure to the toy, or unaffected. Moreover, 16-month-olds who are better able to perform a broad range of actions with objects, did not show increased attention to a demonstration of functions when prior exposure to the toy was provided. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

后路椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰段骨折不同植骨方法临床疗效比较

为了比较后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗胸腰段骨折不同植骨方法的临床疗效,2002年1月-2006年9月,经后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定手术治疗胸腰段骨折140例。比较分析各组伤椎高度矫正丢失,脊柱后凸成角矫正丢失,脊髓神经功能恢复,内固定失效及腰背疼痛并发症情况。结果显示,伤椎前、后缘高度比值和脊柱后凸成角术前4组差异不具有显著性意义,椎弓根螺钉复位内固定结合不同植骨融合方法,可以减少单纯内固定矫正丢失和内固定失效及腰背疼痛并发症。经椎弓根椎体内植骨可增加前中柱的稳定性,临床治疗优于脊柱后方植骨融合。     

汉语词汇语音中介效应的眼动研究

使用美国应用科学实验室生产的504型眼动仪,采用语音中介启动范式,对汉语词汇识别是否存在语音中介效应进行考察。结果发现：（1）被试对语音中介词的首次注视点持续时间、凝视时间均显著高于控制条件;（2）当语音中介词为低频词时,被试对语音中介启动词的总注视时间显著高于控制类型;（3）语音中介类型的正确率显著低于控制类型;（4）实验结果表明,汉语词汇识别中存在语音中介效应。