人类路径整合的心理机制与神经基础

路径整合是指巡航者对与自身运动有关的信息进行整合来完成巡航任务的过程。这些与自身运动有关的信息可以是内源性的,如前庭感觉、本体感觉、动作指令的信息;也可以是外源性的,如视觉流。路径整合在许多物种中存在。人类路径整合的行为实验表明,以自我为参照系的空间表征和以环境为参照系的空间表征都有可能支持路径整合。神经科学的研究则表明,海马、内嗅皮层等内侧颞叶区域和以楔前叶等顶叶区域都与人类路径整合密切相关。     

中国成年人认知风格调查报告*

应用《心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人认知风格问卷》对全国23个省、市、自治区的6432名成年人的认知风格进行了调查。结果发现:中国成年人的认知风格总体水平较好。比较不同人口学特征的成年人在认知风格各维度上的差异发现:(1)女性在灾难化维度上得分显著高于男性;(2)随着年龄的增长,成年人的认知风格总均分及各维度得分均呈上升趋势;(3)农村成年人认知风格总均分及各维度得分显著高于城市成年人;(4)随着受教育程度的提高,成年人的认知风格总均分及各维度得分呈下降趋势;(5)年龄段与受教育程度在选择性提取维度上存在交互作用,其中初中文化程度的老年组被试得分最高。     

高中生学习力的影响因素研究*

采用自编学习力及学习力影响因素问卷,对3056名高中生进行调查,建构学习力与影响因素的数学模型,探究各影响因素对高中生学习力的影响路径。结果发现,（1）影响高中生学习力的因素有六个,分别是认知能力、动机水平、精神状态、人际协调、身心优势感和学习氛围。（2）对学习力解释的贡献率大小排列依次为：精神状态、动机水平、学习氛围、认知能力、身心优势感和人际协调。（3）学习方法运用力主要受动机水平、精神状态、学习氛围、认知能力等4因素的影响;学习态度调控力主要受到精神状态、动机水平、学习氛围及认知能力等4因素的影响;学习自控力主要受精神状态的影响;提问互惠力主要受认知能力、精神状态、动机水平及学习氛围的影响。     

项目反应时间的对数偏正态模型

近年来,项目反应时间数据的建模是心理和教育测量领域的热门方向之一。针对反应时间的对数正态模型和Box-Cox正态模型的不足,本文在van der Linden的分层模型框架下基于偏正态分布建立一个反应时间的对数线性模型,并成功给出模型参数估计的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗（Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC）算法。模拟研究和实例分析的结果均表明,与对数正态模型和Box-Cox正态模型相比,对数偏正态模型表现出更加优良的拟合效果,具有更强的灵活性和适用性。     

A country-wide probability sample of public attitudes toward stuttering in Portugal

BackgroundNegative public attitudes toward stuttering have been widely reported, although differences among countries and regions exist. Clear reasons for these differences remain obscure.PurposePublished research is unavailable on public attitudes toward stuttering in Portugal as well as a representative sample that explores stuttering attitudes in an entire country. This study sought to (a) determine the feasibility of a country-wide probability sampling scheme to measure public stuttering attitudes in Portugal using a standard instrument (the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering [POSHA–S]) and (b) identify demographic variables that predict Portuguese attitudes.MethodsThe POSHA–S was translated to European Portuguese through a five-step process. Thereafter, a local administrative office-based, three-stage, cluster, probability sampling scheme was carried out to obtain 311 adult respondents who filled out the questionnaire.ResultsThe Portuguese population held stuttering attitudes that were generally within the average range of those observed from numerous previous POSHA–S samples. Demographic variables that predicted more versus less positive stuttering attitudes were respondents’ age, region of the country, years of school completed, working situation, and number of languages spoken. Non-predicting variables were respondents’ sex, marital status, and parental status.ConclusionA local administrative office-based, probability sampling scheme generated a respondent profile similar to census data and indicated that Portuguese attitudes are generally typical.     

What did you have in mind? Examining the content of intentional and unintentional types of mind wandering

It has recently been argued that researchers should distinguish between mind wandering (MW) that is engaged with and without intention. Supporting this argument, studies have found that intentional and unintentional MW have behavioral/neural differences, and that they are differentially associated with certain variables of theoretical interest. Although there have been considerable inroads made into the distinction between intentional/unintentional MW, possible differences in their content remain unexplored. To determine whether these two types of MW differ in content, we had participants complete a task during which they categorized their MW as intentional or unintentional, and then provided responses to questions about the content of their MW. Results indicated that intentional MW was more frequently rated as being future-oriented and less vague than unintentional MW. These findings shed light on the nature of intentional and unintentional MW and provide support for the argument that researchers should distinguish between intentional and unintentional types.     

经验取样法在组织行为学中的应用

在组织行为学研究中,研究者对个体的日常经验和短期过程越来越感兴趣,经验取样法为研究这些过程提供了必要的工具。尽管近年来经验取样法的研究成果在逐渐增加,但是研究者尤其是国内研究者对该方法在组织行为学研究中所适用的主题并未有整体的认识。通过分析发表在4种组织行为学国际顶级期刊《应用心理学期刊》(Journal of Applied Psychology)、《组织行为学杂志》(Journal of Organizational Behavior)、《人事心理学》(Personnel Psychology)和《组织行为和人的决策过程》(Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes)中最新发表的67篇实证文章,以及国内期刊中相关的7篇成果,发现该方法主要应用在捕捉个体短时或瞬时的状态和感受,本文将目前运用该方法的前沿研究主题分为四大类,分别为工作感受、工作体验、工作行为和工作影响。     

The Role of Ideal Affect in the Experience and Memory of Emotions

According to Affect Valuation Theory (Tsai et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031–1039), culture influences how people want to feel (ideal affect). Integrating Affect Valuation Theory with the Time-sequential Framework of Subjective Well-being (Kim-Prieto et al. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 261–300), we proposed that cultural norms influence the memory, but not the experience, of emotion. The present study examined the role of ideal affect in relation to experience sampling and retrospective reports of emotion. Ideal affect correlated with retrospective reports but not experience sampling reports. Extraversion and neuroticism were more strongly related to experience sampling reports than to ideal levels of emotion. Results suggest that retrospective reports of emotion involve a dynamic process that incorporates cultural information into the reconstruction whereas on-line emotions are more constrained by temperament.

Linking personality states,current social roles and major life goals

Employing an experience‐sampling design, the interplay between personality states, social roles and major life goals was examined as it unfolds in the stream of people's daily lives. Multilevel analyses revealed a considerable amount of both within‐ and between‐person variability in state expressions of personality traits justifying further examination of predictors at both levels of analyses. Roles proved as predictors of current personality states albeit effects differed significantly between individuals. Life goals accounted for between‐person differences in average personality states but were not effective in predicting differences in relations between personality states and roles. Altogether, findings testify to the viability of the employed research strategy to analyse the interplay between both dispositional and fluctuating influences on individuals' trait expressions in behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

儿童图形识别取样的时空策略

本研究探讨儿童图形识别取样的时间和空间策略。被试为24名六年级学生和24名三年级学生,刺激材料为20个不规则无意义几何图形。结果发现:六年级学生采取取样空间扩展为主,取样时间调整为辅的策略,三年级学生采用增加取样时间为主,扩展取样空间为辅的取样策略。任务难度加大时,被试采用恒定取样点时间和增加取样点数目的时-空策略。在空间取样策略发展上,学生年龄和任务难度的交互影响显著。