员工建言行为的人口统计特征元分析

研究目的在于明确人口统计学特征与员工建言行为的关系。共81篇实证文献被纳入元分析, 被试人数为39118人。结果发现, 员工年龄、教育程度、组织任期和职位均与建言行为显著正相关, 即年龄越大、受教育程度越高、组织任期越长的员工会表现出越多建言行为; 同时, 在不同的文化背景下, 职位高低与建言行为的关系存在显著差异, 受中国传统文化影响, 高、低职位员工的建言行为数量差异明显, 而在非中国情境下, 员工职位高低对其建言行为的数量影响差异不明显; 此外, 建言行为的数据来源对员工年龄与建言行为之间的关系存在显著调节作用, 采用他评方式时, 年龄与建言行为的正向关系更为显著。研究结果为人口统计特征预测建言行为提供较为精确的估计, 并为未来建言行为的相关研究指引了方向。     

视觉与听觉情绪信息关系判断中的交互作用

通过要求被试判断同时呈现的视听信息情绪效价的关系,考察视听情绪信息整合加工特点。实验一中词汇效价与韵律效价不冲突,实验二中词汇效价与韵律效价冲突。两个实验一致发现当面孔表情为积极时,被试对视听通道情绪信息关系判断更准确;实验二还发现,当面孔表情为消极时,相对于韵律线索,被试根据语义线索对视听信息关系判断更迅速。上述结果说明视听信息在同时呈现时,视觉信息可能先行加工,并影响到随后有关视听关系的加工。     

日本安乐死立法之考察与研究

日本成文法律目前尚无关于安乐死的明确规定,但是一些典型的判例已经对安乐死合法的条件做出了界定。日本社会和民众绝大多数能够接受消极安乐死,但是强烈反对积极安乐死。积极安乐死属于日本刑法上的杀人罪行为,但是量刑较轻。     

印尼语主动句、被动句的命题表征项目顺序特点

采用句子—图形验证任务(sentence-pictureverificationtask)探讨了印尼学生理解印尼语主动句、被动句所形成的命题表征中的项目顺序的特点。实验结果表明,无论是语义水平较高的不可逆句,还是语义水平较低的可逆句,印尼学生理解印尼语主动句和被动句后所建构的命题表征中项目顺序均为“受事→施事”。本研究结果初步表明,印尼学生理解印尼语主动句和被动句时,能根据它们不同的表层结构(印尼语主动句的语言表达顺序为“施事→受事”、印尼语被动句的语言表达顺序为“受事→施事”)建构相同的深层结构(语义内容的命题表征项目顺序“受事→施事”),可能是一个按照“受事→施事”固定方向进行的系列认知心理加工的过程。     

工作压力对建设型和防御型建言的差异影响

以往研究普遍从建言行为的建设性意图特征出发, 探讨其关键前因、产生机制和情境因素, 但却较少关注建言行为的工具性目的。基于资源保存理论, 本研究构建了有调节的中介模型以探讨工作压力影响员工建设型建言和防御型建言的作用机制和边界条件。通过对某建筑企业386名员工进行两阶段调查, 结果表明：工作压力与防御型建言存在正向相关关系, 与建设型建言存在负向相关关系, 自我损耗在其中起中介作用; 另外, 领导开明性正向调节自我损耗和建设型建言的负向相关关系, 并正向调节工作压力通过自我损耗影响建设型建言的间接效应。     

Forensic voice discrimination by lay listeners: The effect of speech type and background noise on performance

In forensic settings, lay (nonexpert) listeners may be required to compare voice samples for identity. In two experiments we investigated the effect of background noise and variations in speaking style on performance. In each trial, participants heard two recordings, responded whether the voices belonged to the same person, and provided a confidence rating. In Experiment 1, the first recording featured read speech and the second featured read or spontaneous speech. Both recordings were presented in quiet, or with background noise. Accuracy was highest when recordings featured the same speaking style. In Experiment 2, background noise either occurred in the first or second recording. Accuracy was higher when it occurred in the second. The overall results reveal that both speaking style and background noise can disrupt accuracy. Although there is a relationship between confidence and accuracy in all conditions, it is variable. The forensic implications of these findings are discussed.     

Is employee narcissism always toxic? – The role of narcissistic admiration,rivalry and leaders’ implicit followership theories for employee voice

Organizational researchers are increasingly interested in investigating the influence of narcissism on the workplace. Drawing on self-determination theory and recent research that distinguishes two dimensions of narcissism and their different underlying motivational dynamics, we hypothesized that employee empowerment and, in turn, voice are differentially influenced by the two narcissism facets admiration and rivalry. In particular, we expected that employees’ narcissistic admiration is positively related to voice via empowerment, whereas rivalry is negatively related to voice via empowerment. Moreover, we investigated leaders’ implicit followership theories (IFTs) as moderator of the relationships between narcissistic rivalry and narcissistic admiration with empowerment. We argue that a leader’s positive IFTs buffer the negative effect of narcissistic rivalry and foster the positive effect of narcissistic admiration on empowerment, and in turn voice (i.e., first-stage moderated mediations). We found support for most of our predictions in a multi-wave field study using data from 268 leader–employee dyads. Theoretical and practical implications are explored.     

An Examination of the Effects of Stress Management Training for Japanese College Students of Social Work

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a stress-management program for college students of social work on their perception of mental stress and stress-coping strategies. Students in a stress-management group received progressive muscle training, cognitive-behavioral skills training, and assertion training for 14 weeks. Their life events, stress symptoms, and stress-coping skills (active and passive coping skills), evaluated on the first and last days of program, were compared with those of a control group. The effect of the participants' trait anxiety on those variables was also examined. Because the stress-management program in the present study focused on coping strategies, it was expected that the students' coping skills would change. The results showed that passive coping skills of students in the stress-management group had decreased after the program.     

Perspective-taking and comprehension of passive sentences by Japanese-speaking children

This study demonstrates that children's difficulties in the interpretation of passives are attributed to their perspective-taking ability. Thirty-six Japanese preschool children participated in act-out sentence comprehension tasks. They were asked to manipulate two toy animals to demonstrate the meaning of two types of stimulus sentences: Type I had the child's toy, whose reference involved the child's actual name (e.g., Jun-kun no neko Jun's cat) encoded as grammatical subject, while Type II had the child's toy encoded as non-subject. Since passive structures take the perspective of the patient-denoting subject NP, it is assumed that only Type I passives have the perspective that matches that of the child.The results show that children's performance on passives was significantly better in Type I than in Type II sentences. But this difference was not observed for active sentences. For those who showed (nearly) perfect performance on active sentences, only Type I passives were equally well understood. These results strongly suggest that perspective-taking difficulties mask children's true competence on passives and that even 6-year-olds may not yet have attained the full perspective-taking ability required for comprehension of passive sentences.     

Covert processing of faces in prosopagnosia is restricted to facial expressions: evidence from cross-modal bias

We present a single case study of a brain-damaged patient, AD, suffering from visual face and object agnosia, with impaired visual perception and preserved mental imagery. She is severely impaired in all aspects of overt recognition of faces as well as in covert recognition of familiar faces. She shows a complete loss of processing facial expressions in recognition as well as in matching tasks. Nevertheless, when presented with a task where face and voice expressions were presented concurrently, there was a clear impact of face expressions on her ratings of the voice. The cross-modal paradigm used here and validated previously with normal subjects (de Gelder & Vroomen, 1995, 2000), appears as a useful tool in investigating spared covert face processing in a neuropsychological perspective, especially with prosopagnosic patients. These findings are discussed against the background of different models of the covert recognition of face expressions.