Implicit theories of mental health predict anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: The mediating effect of coping styles

This research investigated how implicit theories of mental health (ITMH) influence people's experience of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Two thousand and 44 Chinese completed the study during an emergent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Shaanxi, China. The results suggested that ITMH significantly influence people's experience of anxiety and depression symptoms. Both active and passive coping styles significantly mediated the relationship between ITMH and anxiety/depression, with active coping style as a stronger mediator than passive coping style. Implications of the current research for improving people's mental health during pandemics of infectious diseases and directions for future research are discussed.     

Relations of Age to Cognitive and Motivational Elements of Impulse Control in Boys With and Without Externalizing Behavior Problems

In a cross-sectional study of 83 unmedicated boys, 6 to 16 years of age (M = 10.6, SD = 2.1), attending public (N = 48) and therapeutic schools for behaviorally disturbed children (N = 35), we examined relations of externalizing psychopathology to age-dependent change in performance on cognitive and motivational dimensions of impulse control assessed by laboratory tasks. When we controlled for internalizing symptoms and IQ or school achievement, all children showed improving competence with increasing age on both dimensions over the age range of the sample. Children with externalizing problems performed more poorly on both dimensions at all ages than children without such problems. Comparing age-dependent competence for the two groups, a model of convergent maturation in cognitive aspects of impulse control, and a model depicting a stable deficit in motivational aspects of impulse control in those children with externalizing behavior problems, relative to those without such problems, emerged. Studies of individual growth in impulse control, together with correlates of growth, are needed to validate these observations.Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods     

视剥夺及视剥夺学习后Jun样蛋白在雏鸡两侧半球中不同表达的研究

该实验利用免疫组化技术,在已有实验的基础上进一步观察比较了左眼视剥夺及单眼学习后,Ｊｕｎ样蛋白在雏鸡两侧半球ＨＶ和ＬＰＯ中表达的差异。实验结果表明：１．视剥夺２、２４、４８、７２小时后观测到Ｊｕｎ样蛋白在左、右半球ＨＶ和ＬＰＯ中的表达逐渐增高,并且于视剥夺４８小时表达到达峰值。同时仅在视剥夺２小时后观测到两半球ＬＰＯ中Ｊｕｎ样蛋白的表达存在差异,在其余各视剥夺时程中两侧半球的ＬＰＯ、ＨＶ中Ｊｕｎ样蛋白的表达均无显著差异。２．视剥夺２小时和２４小时后均在学习后７０分钟组中观测到Ｊｕｎ样蛋白在左、右半球的ＨＶ和ＬＰＯ中表达的显著升高,而在视剥夺２小时学习后１０分钟只观测到左半球ＨＶ和ＬＰＯ中Ｊｕｎ样蛋白表达的显著升高,在视剥夺２４小时学习后１０分钟中仅观测到左半球ＬＰＯ中Ｊｕｎ样蛋白的显著升高。同时也仅在视剥夺２小时学习后１０分钟观测到两侧半球ＨＶ、ＬＰＯ中Ｊｕｎ样蛋白表达的显著性差异。３．无论单纯视剥夺组还是单眼学习组,各组同侧半球中ＬＰＯＪｕｎ样蛋白的表达显著高于ＨＶ的Ｊｕｎ样蛋白的表达现象在视剥夺４８小时后消失。     

远离“城嚣”:自然对人的积极作用、理论及其应用

人类大部分进化时间都是在自然环境中发生的,自然在人的身心健康、认知功能等方面都有积极作用。3个主要的理论揭示了自然对人的积极作用:亲生命性假设认为亲近自然是人类的天性,并且会使人变得更健康和快乐;注意恢复理论认为人处于自然中使用的无意注意能对有意注意疲劳起到恢复作用;压力恢复理论认为接触自然能够激活人类的积极情绪,从而对压力有缓解作用。目前自然对人的积极作用已经在园艺疗法和自然环境疗法得到广泛应用。未来还可以从其他的心理学视角解释自然对人的积极作用,实证研究可以关注真实自然环境和虚拟自然环境的作用差别,还可以考察视觉以外的其他感觉通道接触自然的作用,并结合认知神经科学考察自然积极作用的神经机制。     

REDUCTION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN A UNIVERSITY CAFETERIA

Passive smoking has been shown to be hazardous to the health of nonsmokers. Given this documented link between exposure to smoke-filled environments and deleterious health consequences, there is a need to develop effective procedures that establish and maintain no-smoking areas in various public settings. The present study focused on decreasing cigarette smoking in a section of a university cafeteria. Posting of no-smoking signs was found to decrease levels of smoking only minimally. However, when smokers were verbally prompted not to smoke, in the presence of the signs, marked decreases in smoking occurred in the target area.     

Acquisition and maintenance of trusting behavior

This study determined whether a two-person exchange situation contained natural contingencies for trusting behavior or whether external contingencies were necessary. Pairs of college students worked matching-to-sample problems for money. On each trial there was one problem and the subjects determined which of them would solve it. Trusting behavior was defined as an increase in the number of consecutive problems each subject allowed his partner to work during sessions that also ended with an equitable distribution. Simply, trust was a temporary deviation from equity. A subject could give the problem to the other person (cooperate), or not respond and let the other person take the problem (share). Other possibilities were for both subjects to try to take the problem (complete), or for neither subject to respond and thereby let the person who worked the last problem also work the next one (passive trust). When only four lever pulls were required to distribute a problem (no external contingencies to reach either equity or trust) subjects reached equity, but only minimal trust (strict alternation of single problems) developed in 18 sessions. When 30 or 60 lever pulls were required to distribute a problem (smaller response requirement for passive trust and therefore a contingency for trust), trusting behavior developed after a few sessions (fixed ratio 30) or after several trials of the first session (fixed ratio 60) and it ordinarily expanded gradually to 10 to 15 consecutive problems through passive trust. The aversiveness of the inequity involved in trusting appears to necessitate a contingency for acquisition. Once trust develops, however, this aversiveness is reduced as subjects learn the inequity is only temporary (e.g., once trust was acquired at fixed ratio 60 it was maintained at fixed ratio 4, which would not initially produce it), and the direction of the inequity appears to become of questionable importance (e.g., being behind was alternated over rather than within sessions and usually not in a systematic manner).     

错失焦虑与大学生被动性社交网站使用的交叉滞后分析

为探讨大学生错失焦虑与被动性社交网站使用间的准因果关系,采用错失焦虑量表和被动性社交网站使用量表对403名大学生进行间隔8个月的两阶段追踪调查。结果发现：(1)错失焦虑和被动性社交网站使用的自回归路径系数显著,存在风险累积效应。(2)错失焦虑与被动性社交网站使用在8个月内能够互相预测,存在强化螺旋效应。(3)错失焦虑与被动性社交网站使用的交叉滞后效应性别差异不显著,存在跨性别趋同效应。结果支持了强化螺旋模型,表明错失焦虑与大学生被动性社交网站使用能够交互影响。     

MRA和无创FAIR灌注成像在早期脑缺血中的诊断价值

为了探讨3D—TOFMRA脑血管成像及流动敏感交互式反转恢复（FAIR）MR灌注成像在早期（发病2h-7d）脑缺血中的诊断价值,对27例早期脑缺血患者行3D—TOFMRA和FAIR检查。结果显示,MRA异常27例,表现为血管闭塞、狭窄、硬化;FAIR异常27例,表现为缺血区血流灌注的减低,患侧和对侧灰、白质信号强度的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．005）,患者患侧与志愿者灰、白质信号强度的差异亦均有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。FAIR灌注技术无需注射造影剂,能够提供早期脑缺血患者血流动力学受损情况,FAIR与3D—TOF法MRA联合运用,对早期脑缺血的诊断、血流灌注评价会更全面、更准确。     

Treadmill exercise enhances passive avoidance learning in rats: the role of down-regulated serotonin system in the limbic system

While serotonin (5-HT) may impair learning and memory, exercise has been reported to improve them. Whether chronic exercise can facilitate fear memory via regulating the serotonin system is unknown. We examined the effects of 4-week treadmill exercise training on levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the protein expression of its receptor 5-HT_1A and transporter in the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Our results demonstrated that treadmill exercise (1) improved the passive avoidance learning performance; (2) decreased the 5-HT level in the hippocampus; (3) decreased the expression of 5-HT_1A receptor in the amygdala without altering the transporter expression. Moreover, pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg 8-hydroxy-di-n-propylamino tetralin, a selective 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, impaired the passive avoidance performance and completely abolished the exercise-enhanced fear memory. Our results suggest that down-regulation of the 5-HT system in the limbic system, i.e., the reduction of the hippocampus 5-HT content and the amygdala 5-HT_1A receptor expression, may be involved in the exercise-enhanced fear memory.     

学习拖延的整体化研究视角:传统与创新

传统的学习拖延是自我调节失败而导致非理性延迟的适应不良行为;最新研究提出了主动拖延的概念,认为主动拖延是自我调节的主动适应行为。根据学习拖延的定义及该领域的研究进展,将学习拖延分为三个阶段:传统学习拖延的多视角研究、传统学习拖延的自我调节研究、整体化观点的探索研究。文章依次介绍了每个阶段的研究成果。文章最后以自我调节机制为主线,整合了主动拖延和被动拖延,初步建立了一个拖延整体化模型。该模型的主要贡献在于,提出了干预被动拖延,促进主动拖延的有益于健康的整体化方案。