REDUCTION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN A UNIVERSITY CAFETERIA

Passive smoking has been shown to be hazardous to the health of nonsmokers. Given this documented link between exposure to smoke-filled environments and deleterious health consequences, there is a need to develop effective procedures that establish and maintain no-smoking areas in various public settings. The present study focused on decreasing cigarette smoking in a section of a university cafeteria. Posting of no-smoking signs was found to decrease levels of smoking only minimally. However, when smokers were verbally prompted not to smoke, in the presence of the signs, marked decreases in smoking occurred in the target area.     

错失焦虑与大学生被动性社交网站使用的交叉滞后分析

为探讨大学生错失焦虑与被动性社交网站使用间的准因果关系,采用错失焦虑量表和被动性社交网站使用量表对403名大学生进行间隔8个月的两阶段追踪调查。结果发现：(1)错失焦虑和被动性社交网站使用的自回归路径系数显著,存在风险累积效应。(2)错失焦虑与被动性社交网站使用在8个月内能够互相预测,存在强化螺旋效应。(3)错失焦虑与被动性社交网站使用的交叉滞后效应性别差异不显著,存在跨性别趋同效应。结果支持了强化螺旋模型,表明错失焦虑与大学生被动性社交网站使用能够交互影响。     

学习拖延的整体化研究视角:传统与创新

传统的学习拖延是自我调节失败而导致非理性延迟的适应不良行为;最新研究提出了主动拖延的概念,认为主动拖延是自我调节的主动适应行为。根据学习拖延的定义及该领域的研究进展,将学习拖延分为三个阶段:传统学习拖延的多视角研究、传统学习拖延的自我调节研究、整体化观点的探索研究。文章依次介绍了每个阶段的研究成果。文章最后以自我调节机制为主线,整合了主动拖延和被动拖延,初步建立了一个拖延整体化模型。该模型的主要贡献在于,提出了干预被动拖延,促进主动拖延的有益于健康的整体化方案。     

被动性社交网站使用与自尊和自我概念清晰性:有调节的中介模型

为探讨被动性社交网站使用对自尊和自我概念清晰性的影响及其作用机制,在社会比较理论和乐观的保护性作用的视角下,采用问卷法对1208名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)被动性社交网站使用对自尊没有直接的预测作用,但能通过上行社会比较的中介作用负向预测自尊;(2)被动性社交网站使用不仅能够直接负向预测自我概念清晰性,还能通过上行社会比较的中介作用对其产生影响;(3)上行社会比较的中介效应受到乐观的调节,相对于乐观水平高的个体,间接效应在乐观水平低的个体中更为显著;(4)此外,在乐观水平高的个体中,上行社会比较对自尊的负向预测作用以及上行社会比较在被动性社交网站使用与自尊之间的中介作用都不显著,但是上行社会比较对自我概念清晰性的负向预测作用以及上行社会比较在被动性使用与自我概念清晰性之间的中介作用仍然显著。研究结果有助于揭示被动性社交网站使用行为对自尊以及自我概念清晰性的影响及其作用机制,对维护与促进个体自我概念健康发展有一定启示意义。     

Treadmill exercise enhances passive avoidance learning in rats: the role of down-regulated serotonin system in the limbic system

While serotonin (5-HT) may impair learning and memory, exercise has been reported to improve them. Whether chronic exercise can facilitate fear memory via regulating the serotonin system is unknown. We examined the effects of 4-week treadmill exercise training on levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the protein expression of its receptor 5-HT_1A and transporter in the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Our results demonstrated that treadmill exercise (1) improved the passive avoidance learning performance; (2) decreased the 5-HT level in the hippocampus; (3) decreased the expression of 5-HT_1A receptor in the amygdala without altering the transporter expression. Moreover, pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg 8-hydroxy-di-n-propylamino tetralin, a selective 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, impaired the passive avoidance performance and completely abolished the exercise-enhanced fear memory. Our results suggest that down-regulation of the 5-HT system in the limbic system, i.e., the reduction of the hippocampus 5-HT content and the amygdala 5-HT_1A receptor expression, may be involved in the exercise-enhanced fear memory.     

Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes

Recent news reports have focused attention on dramatic instances of workplace violence—extreme acts of aggression in work settings. It is suggested here that such actions, while both tragic and frightening, are only a small part of a much larger problem of workplace aggression—efforts by individuals to harm others with whom they work or the organizations in which they are employed. The present study investigated two major hypotheses with respect to such aggression: 1) contrary to what media reports suggest, most aggression occurring in work settings is verbal, indirect, and passive rather than physical, direct, and active; 2) recent changes in many organizations (e.g., downsizing, increased workforce diversity) have generated conditions that may contribute to the occurrence of workplace aggression. A survey of 178 employed persons provided partial support for both predictions. Verbal and passive forms of aggression were rated as more frequent by participants than physical and active forms of aggression. In addition, the greater the extent to which several changes had occurred recently in participants' organizations, the greater the incidence of workplace aggression they reported. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of losing and testosterone upon subsequent behavior in male and female S3 (Tryon Maze Dull) rats

Attempts were made to determine whether modification of agonistic behavior by experience differs in the sexes and if so, whether testosterone is involved in this response. Gonadectomized male and female CPB-S3 (Tryon Maze Dull) rats were treated with testosterone propionate (TP, 250 μg) or vehicle and subjected to tests in which they became either winners or losers. S3 males and females were tested against Long Evans rats to become losers or against Wistar rats to become winners. Subsequently, S3 winners were tested against losers. In addition, winners and losers were tested against naive S3 opponents of the same sex. After varied agonistic experiences, all animals were tested for social preference in a situation in which they could choose between their respective opponents without the possibility of social interaction. Thereafter, they were also exposed to a two-choice passive avoidance learning procedure to see if the behavioral effects of aggressive interactions generalized to nonsocial learning. Males and females reacted differently to winning or losing, the presence of testosterone being a critical factor in the manifestation of this sex difference. Relatively permanent effects on aggressive and other behaviors were only established in TP-treated males. Losing experiences in the social-preference test generally led to a slight preference for naive, less aggressive animals. Testosterone-treated male losers, the group expected to be most vulnerable to generalized inhibition and impairment of learning, did not differ from other categories in the two-choice passive avoidance procedure, although marked differences were observed between the sexes and between testosterone and oil-treated animals.     

高压氧对老年小鼠记忆力及脑内Ca~(2+)的影响

观察常压（１０１．３ｋＰａ）及高压（２５３．３ｋＰａ）吸氧处理后老年小鼠学习记忆的改善情况,并测定４个主要脑区（皮层,海马,小脑,间脑）突触体内钙离子浓度,结果表明,常压及高压吸氧可明显增强老年小鼠在新异的自我活动能力,并且显著提高记忆保持力,对衰老引起的脑内高下现象具有明显的抑制效应,其中２５３．３ｋＰａ高压氧降钙效果更明显,脑内高钙与记忆衰退密切相关,提示高压氧可能是通过降钙作用而改善脑老化而     

人工全膝关节置换术后持续被动运动的早期临床效果研究

探讨持续被动运动用于人工全膝关节置换术后的早期疗效。自2008年至2010年我科共完成人工全膝关节置换术36例（43膝）,将全部病例随机分为2组,A组术后单纯应用物理治疗及自身锻炼,B组采用持续被动锻炼加主动锻炼。观察术后12小时、24小时引流量,术后1周、2周膝关节主动活动范围,切口拆线时间,患者平均住院时间。术后2...     

La croyance au monde juste comme facteur explicatif de diverses réactions à des injustices professionnelles

The belief in a just world is defined as the tendency to consider that “people get what they deserve and deserve what they get”, i.e. to consider that the world is, globally, a place of justice. Facing an individual unjustly victim of negative events and for whom it seems impossible to restore the justice objectively, we frequently deny the existence of the unjustice, even if we say the responsible of what he gets. But if we can react by adopting “passive” reactions (using the victim’s moral or behavioral responsibility, as in Lerner, or evocating a future favoring the victim,..), we can also adopt “active” strategies which can lead to an objective re-establishment of the justice. In the present study, we examined the influence of the degree of the belief in the just world on the selected strategy facing professional injustices. And effectively, our results indicate a some preferences in the use of such or strategy, preferences accentuated by the gender and the professional statute.