表象—认知吝啬原则：MHD问题另释

本文首先对MHD问题的研究现状进行了简要回顾,然后对MHD问题中出现的“概率错判”和“选择固着”两种现象给出了一种基于表象—认知吝啬视角的解释。该视角认为,人们无论采用的是顺向表征还是逆向表征,都采用了动态表象表征问题,而依照认知吝啬原则,动态表象要模拟轿车在门1、门2之间以1：2的比率出现的状态很难,却极容易模拟成轿车在门1门2间随机出现的状态;这导致了人们形成“概率错判”;对于“选择固着”问题该视角则认为,它的出现是不变比改变更符合认知吝啬原则的结果。     

“俭”的道德价值——中国传统德性分析之二

俭 ,是中国古代各种德性的基础。俭的道德价值 ,表现于修身、持家、治国三个方面。俭是一种中道 ,既不同于奢侈 ,又不能归结为吝啬。在现代市场经济中 ,俭德的存在是与市场主体的经济理性相吻合的 ,但应正确把握消费与节俭的关系 ,以此为基础来扬弃传统俭德。在可持续发展已成为全球共识的背景下 ,节俭已从主要是个人的、家庭的德性上升为一种人类整体的德性 ,从一般生活的层面上升到人类生存境遇的层面 ;节俭与否不再仅仅与生活质量的好坏有关 ,而是关系到整个人类的生死存亡问题     

Ontological Parsimony,Erosion, and Conservatism

This article presents a novel argument against a common principle of parsimony in philosophy. First, it identifies a widely employed principle of positive ontological parsimony, according to which we should, ceteris paribus, prefer smaller ontologies to larger ontologies. Next, it shows how this principle is used as part of a strategy by which to argue for antirealist positions in many subfields of philosophy: the ockhamistic antirealist strategy. Third, it argues that this principle commits its adherents to an implausible epistemological thesis—the Eroding Ontology Thesis—according to which evidence for the existence of some entity is at least prima facie evidence against the existence of all other entities. Antirealists might decide to adopt a related position, ontological conservatism, according to which we should simply resist changing our ontology, but the article shows that it is independently unjustified. Therefore, it concludes, philosophers have good reason to cease employing one very common antirealist strategy.