Testing the identity of trends under the restriction of monotonicity in repeated measures designs

Procedures are described for the analysis of profiles of means in repeated measures designs under order restriction for patterns of mean change. The exact likelihood ratio is derived for the case of two groups of subjects, and a computationally simple alternative to the exact likelihood ratio test is provided for designs involving more than two groups. Tables of critical values are provided for the case of simple-order alternatives.The author wishes to thank Joseph C. Saunders for his editorial assistance.     

Relationships among several methods of linearly constrained correspondence analysis

This paper shows essential equivalences among several methods of linearly constrained correspondence analysis. They include Fisher's method of additive scoring, Hayashi's second type of quantification method, ter Braak's canonical correspondence analysis, Nishisato's type of quantification method, ter Braak's canonical correspondence analysis, Nishisato's ANOVA of categorical data, correspondence analysis of manipulated contingency tables, Böckenholt and Böckenholt's least squares canonical analysis with linear constraints, and van der Heijden and Meijerink's zero average restrictions. These methods fall into one of two classes of methods corresponding to two alternative ways of imposing linear constraints, the reparametrization method and the null space method. A connection between the two is established through Khatri's lemma.The work reported in this paper has been supported by grant A6394 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to the first author. We wish to thank Carolyn Anderson, Ulf Böckenholt, Henk Kiers, Shizuhiko Nishisato, Jim Ramsay, Tadashi Shibayama, Cajo ter Braak, and Peter van der Heijden for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.     

Component analysis with different sets of constraints on different dimensions

Many of the classical multivariate data analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques call for approximations by lower dimensional configurations. A model is proposed, in which different sets of linear constraints are imposed on different dimensions in component analysis and classical multidimensional scaling frameworks. A simple, efficient, and monotonically convergent algorithm is presented for fitting the model to the data by least squares. The basic algorithm is extended to cover across-dimension constraints imposed in addition to the dimensionwise constraints, and to the case of a symmetric data matrix. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of the method.The work reported in this paper has been supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, grant number A6394, and by the McGill-IBM Cooperative Grant, both granted to the first author. The research of H. A. L. Kiers has been made possible by a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. We thank Michael Hunter for his helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.     

Archetypes of the pandemic

This paper attempts to read the psychological and emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic through the archetypal images contained in patients’ dreams. In these dreams, symbols related to the power of nature and to extreme danger are paired with feelings of detachment that seem to point to a traumatic dissociation, due to the archetypal experience that erupts in familiar surroundings. Through the humanization of the ineffable experience, dissociation, which in the beginning of the pandemic showed in high levels of anxiety, panic attacks and depersonalization, can be transformed into the overview needed for the search for meaning. The container for this process of transformation is the analyst, the real, virtual or imagined one, and his or her ability to relate and feel.     

Coronavirus: does its activation of archetypes of evil cause added psychological suffering?

Fear and grief caused by the pandemic have produced a powerful unconscious narrative in the collective psyche that the coronavirus is driven by an innately evil, and possibly divine, force. The resulting archetypal dimension of fear causes an extra layer of psychological suffering in individuals. This paper discusses how and why this narrative was created and why it is so compelling by looking at 1) the myth-making nature of the human psyche, 2) the psychodynamics of fear that drive the narrative, 3) the properties of the coronavirus and the pandemic that activate negative poles of some archetypes, in particular, archetypes of evil, and 4) asking how analytical psychology can help ease psychological suffering caused by these negative narratives, where one possibility is to invoke the transcendent function. The author’s personal experiences as both biochemist and analytical psychologist elucidate how the transcendent function can promote healing.     

Clinical experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

Most of the clinical experiences discussed in this article arose from monthly Zoom meetings at Rome’s Italian Centre of Analytical Psychology (CIPA). We set up a discussion group in April 2020, one month after lockdown began in Italy, and these monthly online meetings continue to this day. All senior analysts and analysts-in-training at Rome’s CIPA, whose backgrounds range from child and adolescent psychotherapy to adult psychotherapy and analysis, to sandplay therapy and medicine and psychiatry, have been participating in these meetings. The group discussions focus on the present time and its impact on us, as well as on our relationships with patients. By further developing these reflections during the lockdown in Italy (9 March - 3 May 2020), it is fair to ask whether a sense of unreality, depersonalization, or derealization has occurred, either in the therapist or patient, and if so, whether it is possible that therapists miss the human contact more than clients. We will mainly refer to clinical and personal experiences as our most precious guidelines.     

A VIROCENTRIC PERSPECTIVE ON EVIL

Abstract. The coronavirus pandemic has stirred interest in viruses. This has been accompanied by a proliferation of popular works trying to explain how viruses fit into the Christian worldview. In an anthropocentric perspective, viruses are easily regarded as malicious entities. This article, however, shows that a proper understanding of the biology of viruses actually adds another level of complexity to our perception of good and evil. Interestingly, this additional layer of complexity might help us solve some of the most urgent difficulties in the discussion about good and evil, if we recognize the subjective nature of what we call natural evil. We need to be more nuanced not merely in our theological discussion about good and evil, but also in the way we talk about viruses.     

2009年全球甲型H1N1流感流行病学特征分析

截至8月30日,全球5大洲177个国家或地区共报告甲型H1N1流感确诊病例254206例,死亡2837人,病死率1．12％。病例以青壮年为主,无性别差别,年龄中位数12岁～17岁（范围0岁～85岁）,约10％需住院治疗,37％的住院病例和80％的死亡病例有基础性疾病史或妊娠。全球甲型H1N1流感总体较温和,适时将其纳入季节性流感常规监测,掌握其流行病学和病原学变化,研制安全有效的疫苗;提高医务人员重症病例救治能力均能有效地预防控制甲型H1N1流感。     

The challenges and experiences of psychotherapists working remotely during the coronavirus* pandemic

The experiences and challenges of psychotherapists working remotely during the coronavirus pandemic were explored using a mixed‐methods approach. An online survey completed by 335 psychotherapists produced both quantitative and qualitative data with the latter being subject to a reflexive thematic analysis. Large numbers of therapists were using video‐link platforms and the telephone to conduct client sessions. A majority of therapists felt challenged by remote working, with reduced interpersonal cues, feelings of isolation and fatigue, and technical issues frequently cited concerns. At the same time, most therapists considered that remote working had been effective and that clients were comfortable with the process. Two‐thirds of therapists indicated that remote working would now become core business for them. The great majority of therapists thought that remote working skills should be part of formal therapy trainings.     

Playing God during the Pandemic

According to Dietrich Bonhoeffer, in extraordinary situations, when the accepted norms of ethics do not provide clear-cut answers and even prevent responsible action, human beings must act freely in conformity to the incarnate, crucified, and risen Christ. Being conformed to his incarnation means being involved fully and vicariously in the life and struggles of the world; being conformed to his crucifixion means identifying with the suffering of the victims and being in solidarity with the oppressed; and being conformed to his resurrection means living and acting in hope for the sake of future generations. In seeking to express the love of Christ in the midst of our present-day pandemic, we are called to act in response to the question “Who is Jesus Christ for us today?” In this way, “Christ’s love moves the world to reconciliation and unity,” not just during a pandemic such as we have experienced, but also at this time in world history when enmity and discord have once again become rampant.