Synchrnoic consciousness from a neurological point of view: the philosophical foundations for neuroethics

Daniel Kolak’s theory of synchronic consciousness according to which the entire range of dissociative phenomena, from pathologies such as MPD and schizophrenia to normal dream states, are best explained in terms of consciousness becoming simultaneously identified as many selves, has revolutionary therapeutic implications for neurology and psychiatry. All these selves, according to Kolak—even the purely imaginary ones that exist as such only in our dreams—are not just conscious but also self-conscious, with beliefs, intentions, living lives informed by memories (confabulatory, in the case of the fictional ones) and personal histories. Kolak’s derivation of psychiatrically relevant aspects of his theory—a neurological rendition of a Kantian transcendental argument—can be given a straightforward neurological, and therefore open to scientific scrutiny, interpretation that would then more easily lend itself to the clinical setting in which these perplexing phenomena, along with their purveyors, must live and cope. This will be the main focus of this paper.     

成人股骨头坏死的治疗进展

股骨头坏死（ONFH）是一种进展性和致残性疾病,保存自身股骨头是临床治疗所追求的最理想目标,早中期的治疗方案主要采用非手术疗法和保髋的姑息性手术,目前为止还没有一种治疗方法能达到理想的治疗效果。近年来,骨髓间充质于细胞（MSCs）移植治疗ONFH是目前研究热点之一,有望成为一种有效的治疗方法,晚期行人工髋关节置换术是唯一的和最佳的选择。因此,早期诊断,采用综合性治疗方案保全自身髋关节是治疗本病的主要方向。     

关于耳蜗传出神经系统功能研究的启示

耳蜗传出神经系统在听觉活动中的功能日益受到重视,本文以耳鼻喉专业知识为基点,查阅了近年一系列有关耳蜗传出神经系统的研究成果和趋势,从哲学层面总结出一些相关思考方式,期待运用这些思考方式与实践工作形成良好互动,指导实际的科学研究,有助于提高我们的专业思考潜力。     

血管平滑肌细胞在动脉粥样硬化发生中的哲学思维

随着对血管平滑肌细胞增殖在动脉粥样硬化中研究的不断深入,逐步意识到细胞凋亡的存在及其相互之间的矛盾关系,对动脉粥样硬化的认识亦由从形态结构和生化组成等描述病变,发展为在细胞乃至分子基因水平上的深入研究,发现血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和凋亡在动脉粥样硬化形成过程中起重要作用。从哲学角度探讨血管平滑肌细胞在动脉粥样硬化发生中的作用,有助于科学的发现疾病的本质。     

BIOTECHNOTHEOLOGY AND DEMYTHOLOGIZATION OF STEM‐CELL RESEARCH

Biotechnology deals not only with new types of therapies for preventing and curing diseases but also with the creation of new technologies for the production of human flesh. Its ultimate aim is to create a new human body, a new person. Biotechnology wears the cloak not only of a new scientific paradigm but also of a kind of messianic religion. To develop new therapies, to destroy illnesses, to transform the human body into a nonmortal one—these are some of the promises it makes. In time, many of these promises will undoubtedly prove to be illusory, but they will nevertheless continue to have a significant impact on the way people think. Through a process that I call biotechnotheological analysis I show that biotechnology could eventually become not only a type of secular religion but even a type of mythic para‐Christian religion, one that incorporates the two most significant processes at work in every mythical religion: the process of mimesis and the ritual of the scapegoat. The essay is an attempt to understand biotechnological achievements, especially in stem‐cell research, in this new biotechnotheological way.     

金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）及其组织抑制物-1（TIMP-1）在胰腺癌中的表达

探讨MMP-9和TIMP—1在胰腺癌癌细胞及间质的表达与胰腺癌分化程度、分期之间的关系。采用免疫组织化学方法,检测MMP-9和TIMP—1在胰腺癌细胞及间质细胞的表达。MMP-9在胰腺癌细胞和间质组织中均有表达。TIMP—1主要表达在胰腺癌细胞中。MMP-9在胰腺癌间质细胞中的表达高于胰腺癌癌旁组织间质细胞,与胰腺癌的病理分级、分期呈正相关。结论认为MMP-9在胰腺癌间质细胞的表达可能参与胰腺癌的浸润和转移,对预后判断、诊断及治疗具有一定的意义。     

胰岛细胞再生研究的临床应用前景

胰岛细胞再生是治愈1型糖尿病和胰岛β细胞功能丧失的2型糖尿病的根本途径。体外再生和体内再生两种策略都是通过将干细胞或其他类型体细胞分化或转化为胰岛细胞后发挥胰岛素分泌功能,从而治疗糖尿病。基础研究显示,两者存在着各自的优势和面临的问题。胰岛细胞再生治疗的临床应用前景尚需要进一步加以考证。     

Memory influences on hippocampal and striatal neural codes: effects of a shift between task rules

Interactions with neocortical memory systems may facilitate flexible information processing by hippocampus. We sought direct evidence for such memory influences by recording hippocampal neural responses to a change in cognitive strategy. Well-trained rats switched (within a single recording session) between the use of place and response strategies to solve a plus maze task. Maze and extramaze environments were constant throughout testing. Place fields demonstrated (in-field) firing rate and location-based reorganization [Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J. K., Barnes, C. A., Moser, E. I., McNaughton, B. L., & Moser, M. B. (2005). Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in hippocampal neuronal ensembles. Science, 309, 619-623] after a task switch, suggesting that hippocampus encoded each phase of testing as a different context, or episode. The task switch also resulted in qualitative and quantitative changes to discharge that were correlated with an animal's velocity or acceleration of movement. Thus, the effects of a strategy switch extended beyond the spatial domain, and the movement correlates were not passive reflections of the current behavioral state. To determine whether hippocampal neural responses were unique, striatal place and movement-correlated neurons were simultaneously recorded with hippocampal neurons. Striatal place and movement cells exhibited a response profile that was similar, but not identical, to that observed for hippocampus after a strategy switch. Thus, retrieval of a different memory led both neural systems to represent a different context. However, hippocampus may play a special (though not exclusive) role in flexible spatial processing since correlated firing amongst cell pairs was highest when rats successfully switched between two spatial tasks. Correlated firing by striatal cell pairs increased following any strategy switch, supporting the view that striatum codes change in reinforcement contingencies.     

非雄激素依赖型前列腺癌与肿瘤干细胞——浅析辩证思维之于临床医学的方法论作用

在前列腺癌的治疗中,由于癌细胞的不断“升级”使得治疗屡屡受挫。近来提出的肿瘤干细胞理论认为:肿瘤是一种干细胞疾病,只有消灭了“种子”,才能克服癌症。从自然辩证法的角度,结合肿瘤干细胞理论对前列腺癌的诊疗加以分析,解释非雄激素依赖型前列腺癌的发病机制,以一种新的思维指导临床治疗。     

植入前组织配型孕育“救星同胞”的伦理思考

应用植入前遗传学诊断技术在胚胎植入母体子宫前,对人类白细胞组织相容性抗原配型检测,选择与现存患儿相同HLA配型的胚胎进行受孕,孕育一个组织配型相同的脐带血干细胞供者。在某种意义上说,该项技术的应用是创造人来获得移植组织,由此引发系列伦理争议。讨论孕育"救星同胞"这一医学实践内在需要的伦理规范。