Minimum rank and minimum trace of covariance matrices

This paper considers some mathematical aspects of minimum trace factor analysis (MTFA). The uniqueness of an optimal point of MTFA is proved and necessary and sufficient conditions for a point x to be optimal are established. Finally, some results about the connection between MTFA and the classical minimum rank factor analysis will be presented.     

钦佩感：一种见贤思齐的积极情绪

钦佩感是对优秀他人或榜样的一种高度喜欢和尊敬, 是看到他人的优秀行为或品质时所产生的一种积极情绪, 其典型成分是欣赏和鼓舞。他人的优秀能力、美德、积极态度、自我提升动机、相似的价值观等因素影响钦佩感的产生。美德钦佩感会导致后叶催产素分泌, 和能力钦佩感分别激发不同但又相互重叠的脑区。钦佩感具有激励作用, 提高自我效能感和结果期望并影响其职业意向, 激发个体的亲社会动机与行为。拓展钦佩感的概念与成分、辨析与崇拜的相似与不同、开展钦佩感的应用研究以及跨文化或本土化研究等是该领域未来重要的研究方向。     

Perceived relationship with God moderates the relationship between social comparison and body appreciation

Social comparison has been shown to contribute to the negative attitudes that most Western women have towards their bodies. However, minimal research has addressed the relationship between social comparison and body appreciation, which entails holding favourable opinions towards the body, accepting the body along with its deviations from societal beauty ideals, respecting the body by engaging in healthy behaviours, and protecting the body by rejecting unrealistic media appearance ideals. This study tested whether feeling loved and accepted by God would weaken the inverse relationship between social comparison and body appreciation among a sample of 186 female undergraduates. Results showed that frequent body-related comparisons were related to lower body appreciation, but this relationship was conditional upon the quality of women's perceived relationship with God. Results suggest that future research should explore interventions designed to create improved secure attachment relationships between clients and God.     

社会比较：对比效应还是同化效应

社会比较直接影响人类的自我评价,对其产生两种相反的效应,即对比效应和同化效应。本文系统地回顾了社会比较的对比效应和同化效应的相关研究;并从关注自我、关注比较目标和关注自我与比较目标之间的关系三个不同方面,阐述了对社会比较效应产生调节作用的各种不同因素;最后,从一种整合和信息的视角,阐述了产生对比效应和同化效应的心理机制——选择性通达（SA）模型     

3~5岁幼儿自我延迟满足的发展特点及其中澳跨文化比较

采用实验室实验和情境观察相结合的方法,考察了我国3~5岁幼儿自我延迟满足发展的特点及中澳幼儿自我延迟满足的跨文化差异。研究结果表明：(1) 3~5岁幼儿自我延迟满足平均延迟时间随年龄增长而延长;3岁幼儿使用延迟策略少,4岁幼儿主要使用寻求策略,5岁幼儿主要使用寻求策略和自我分心、问题解决策略,自我言语控制策略在整个幼儿期始终不具有显著优势性。(2) 澳大利亚幼儿自我延迟满足发展水平高于我国同龄幼儿;在延迟策略选择上中澳幼儿既具有差异性,又具有一定的相似性;文化价值观通过教育影响着幼儿自我延迟满足的发展。     

被动性社交网站使用与青少年体像烦恼的关系:体像比较和体像自我差异的中介作用

为探讨被动性社交网站使用和青少年体像烦恼的关系,基于社会比较理论和自我差异理论,采用被动性社交网站使用问卷、社交网站体像比较量表、理想体像问卷和体像烦恼量表,对789名初、高中生进行调查。结果表明：（1）被动性社交网站使用对青少年体像烦恼具有显著的正向预测作用;（2）体像比较和体像自我差异能在被动性社交网站使用和体像烦恼的关系中起中介作用;（3）在被动性社交网站使用与体像烦恼的关系中,女生的体像比较和体像自我差异起并行中介作用,而对男生而言,体像比较和体像自我差异起链式中介作用。研究结果表明被动性社交网站使用不仅能直接影响青少年的体像烦恼,还可通过体像比较和体像自我差异的间接作用对青少年体像烦恼产生影响,且中介路径存在性别差异。     

齐文化与鲁文化之异同论

先秦齐、鲁两国作为周王室分封在东方的重要诸侯国,虽然同处东方,但所处地域的地理环境还是存在差异,而且各自所奉行的治国策略也不相同。文化作为人类在特定的自然环境与社会环境中为了生存与发展而有意识地进行的物质创造与精神创建,决定了齐、鲁文化之间必会存在着相同点和不同点,本文借助现有文献对齐、鲁文化的渊源、政治、经济、习俗、文化特征等方面进行了初步的异同比较阐述。     

Engagement and Interaction: A Comparison Between Supported Employment and ATCs

The interaction and engagement patterns of 13 supported employees and 38 regular Adult Training Centre (ATC) attenders were compared. Data were obtained through direct observation within 13 employment sites and a representative sample of ATC organised activities. Results indicated that individual involvement was significantly higher in employment, compared to ATCs, but that the ATC group experienced significantly more social interaction, mainly due to higher levels of task specific dialogue between individuals and the service staff within ATCs. A breakdown of with whom interactions occurred revealed that individuals in ATCs tended to interact more often with care staff than anyone else. Individuals tended to interact more often during work with their non-disabled co-workers and a substantial proportion of time was spent interacting with the public. These findings suggest that the supported employment option yields advantages for individuals in some key aspects of community integration, compared to ATCs.     

Individual differences in visual acuity and face matching ability

The visual acuity of the eyes varies outside the range of normal vision, requiring corrective lenses, but also within the normal range. This study investigated whether both types of variation relate to individual differences in face-identity matching, considering this applied task requires perception of detail. Across two experiments, face-matching accuracy correlated with variation in acuity when this fell outside the normal range of vision and was uncorrected with glasses or contact lenses. In contrast, variation in visual acuity within the normal range did not affect face-matching accuracy, whereas matching accuracy at a given level of acuity could vary substantially. These results indicate that visual acuity is only a problem for occupations performing face-identity matching when below-normal acuity is not diagnosed or adequately corrected. In turn, these findings suggest that variation in acuity within the normal range is not a contributing factor to individual differences in face matching accuracy.     

女大学生同性竞争与社交网站发布美化自拍行为的关系：外貌比较的调节作用

为探究女大学生同性竞争与社交网站发布美化自拍行为之间的关系及外貌比较在其中的调节作用,采用同性竞争量表、身体外貌比较问卷和美化自拍量表对463名女大学生进行问卷调查。结果发现：在控制年龄后,女大学生同性竞争可以显著正向预测社交网站美化自拍行为,且这一预测作用受到外貌比较的调节,即只有低外貌比较的女大学生其同性竞争水平可显著预测其美化自拍行为。该结果对理解和干预女大学生的社交网站行为具有一定理论意义和实践意义。