论结合CNV和P300进行犯罪心理生理测试的可行性

在国外,事件相关电位技术应用于犯罪心理生理测试已经有多年的历史,近年来我国也有所尝试;但大多是以单一的ERP成分作为判断指标。若在测试过程中能通过特殊的设计,同时诱发两种或两种以上的特异性ERP,在结果分析时采用多种指标进行相互印证、相互支持的分析,定能在一定程度上提高测试的准确性。本文以此为出发点,讨论结合CNV和P300进行犯罪心理生理测试的可行性。     

PTEN、p53和BAG-1在三阴乳腺癌中的表达及意义

为了研究PTEN、p53和BAG-1在三阴乳腺癌中的表达情况及临床病理意义,并讨论三者之间的关系.采用免疫组织化学SP法检测89例三阴乳腺癌中PTEN、p53、BAG-1的表达,其阳性表达率分别为44.9％、47.2％、73.0％,三者的表达均与患者的病理组织学分级、淋巴结转移情况有关(P＜0.05).PTEN的表达与p53、BAG-1表达呈负相关;BAG-1与p53的表达呈正相关,提示三者在三阴乳腺癌中的表达存在一定关联性,临床上联合检测三者可能为TNBC预后评估、患者的个体化治疗提供一定的参考.     

Response-specific slowing in older age revealed through differential stimulus and response effects on P300 latency and reaction time

Older age produces numerous changes in cognitive processes, including slowing in the rate of mental processing speed. There has been controversy over the past three decades about whether this slowing is generalized or process-specific. A growing literature indicates that it is process-specific and suggests it is most dramatic at the interface where a stimulus input is translated into a response output. We tested this hypothesis using a task in which young and older adult males made either compatible or incompatible responses to the word LEFT or RIGHT shown briefly and variously located in a 4 row × 6 column matrix surrounded by # signs or by letters chosen randomly from the sets A-G or A-Z. Processing speed was measured using P300 latency and reaction time. Experimental effects on these two measures provided support for the hypothesis in revealing that stimulus identification processes were preserved, whereas processes related to translating a stimulus input into a designated response output and then selecting that response were compromised in the elderly.     

From criticism to approval: A reconsideration of Ji’s Yogācāra position on Madhyamaka

Madhyamaka and Yogācāra are two Mahāyāna schools which have distinct systems. In the seventh century East Asia, the doctrinal distinction between the two schools was received as doctrinal contrast in the polemic circumstance of Emptiness-Existence (C. kongyou 空有) controversy. In this context, Ji 基 (632–682), the putative founder of East Asian Yogācāra school, has been normally considered by scholars to have advocated ‘Existence’ (viz., Yogācāra) in opposition to ‘Emptiness’ (viz., Madhyamaka). It is problematic, however, to brand Ji’s Yogācāra position simply as anti-Madhyamaka. Although Ji evidently expresses evident criticism on such a Madhyamaka exegete as Bhāvaviveka (ca. 500–570) in some of his works, he also describes Bhāvaviveka in an amicable or even respective way in other works. By analyzing Ji’s extant works, this article argues that Ji’s scholastic attitude toward Madhyamaka changed from criticism to approval.     

Effects of a front-seat passenger on driver attention: An electrophysiological approach

The human attention system is limited in capacity, and when performing two concurrent tasks there is competition for cognitive resources. This is particularly important in dangerous scenarios, such as driving on sharp curves where deficits in performance can be caused by various sources of distraction, including the presence of a passenger in the vehicle. In the present study, a dual-task paradigm was employed to examine the nature of attentional limits while operating a driving simulator in the presence of a passenger. The primary driving task had two levels of difficulty and event-related potentials (ERP) were collected from a secondary auditory task. In addition to several driving performance measures, our main ERP of interest was the P300. In dual-task studies, increases in primary task difficulty have been shown to reduce the amplitude of the P300 elicited by a secondary task. This presumably occurs because attentional resources initially dedicated to the secondary task are consumed by the primary task. The present results showed that compared to driving solo, the presence of a passenger was associated with a decrease in P300 amplitude in the more difficult driving conditions. These results suggest that in-car passengers may consume valuable resources in difficult driving situations that require more attentional focus in the first place.     

认知灵活性对概率类别学习的影响

本研究采用“数字-字母转换任务”区分高低认知灵活性者, 构建概率配对模式相同但形式不同的两个概率类别学习任务, 借助ERP技术探讨认知灵活性对概率类别学习任务的作用特点与机制。结果发现, 本研究的两个任务中, 高认知灵活性组的规则习得水平均优于低认知灵活性组, 认知灵活性能促进概率类别的学习。同时, 对不同学习阶段的ERPs分析结果显示, 高认知灵活性者在概率类别学习中的优势源于反馈加工过程。     

猜谜作业中的ERP效应：基于催化范式的证据

运用ERP技术对个体猜谜任务下的顿悟和无顿悟的情况进行探索。结果发现,在300ms-500ms内,有顿悟比无顿悟引发了更负的N300-500成分,激活了大部分脑区;在600ms-1100ms内,有顿悟比无顿悟引发了更正的P600-1100成分,在中央区显示了最强激活。结果表明,N300-500可能反映了定势破除中的认知冲突,P600-1100可能反映了新异联系的形成。     

儿童欺负/受欺负与同伴网络的关系：p*模型分析

从四所小学的10个班中挑选出高欺负-受欺负班和低欺负-受欺负班,使用p^*模型分析班内朋友关系的网络结构特点及其与欺负、受欺负的关系。结果发现：（1）低欺负-受欺负班级中的同伴关系网络倾向于形成开放性朋友关系结构,如边、2-星、3-星、4-星结构;高欺负-受欺负班级中的同伴关系网络倾向于形成闭合性朋友关系结构,如三角形、孤立者结构;（2）高、低欺负-受欺负班级中,欺负者均处于同伴关系网络的边缘化位置,且所处的关系结构位置与自身欺负水平的关联不显著;（3）受欺负者所处的关系结构位置与自身受欺负水平的关联也不显著,但是在低欺负-受欺负班中,受欺负者倾向处于同伴关系网络的边缘化位置,而高欺负-受欺负班中,部分受欺负者处于边缘化位置,部分受欺负者处于闭合性关系结构的核心位置。     

Hail the impossible: p-values, evidence, and likelihood

Significance testing based on p-values is standard in psychological research and teaching. Typically, research articles and textbooks present and use p as a measure of statistical evidence against the null hypothesis (the Fisherian interpretation), although using concepts and tools based on a completely different usage of p as a tool for controlling long-term decision errors (the Neyman-Pearson interpretation). There are four major problems with using p as a measure of evidence and these problems are often overlooked in the domain of psychology. First, p is uniformly distributed under the null hypothesis and can therefore never indicate evidence for the null. Second, p is conditioned solely on the null hypothesis and is therefore unsuited to quantify evidence, because evidence is always relative in the sense of being evidence for or against a hypothesis relative to another hypothesis. Third, p designates probability of obtaining evidence (given the null), rather than strength of evidence. Fourth, p depends on unobserved data and subjective intentions and therefore implies, given the evidential interpretation, that the evidential strength of observed data depends on things that did not happen and subjective intentions. In sum, using p in the Fisherian sense as a measure of statistical evidence is deeply problematic, both statistically and conceptually, while the Neyman-Pearson interpretation is not about evidence at all. In contrast, the likelihood ratio escapes the above problems and is recommended as a tool for psychologists to represent the statistical evidence conveyed by obtained data relative to two hypotheses.     

语义距离半球效应的ERP研究

以通过视觉通路呈现的汉语双字词为实验材料,操纵启动词与目标词的语义距离。在词汇决定实验中记录ERP,发现：（1）除N300外,P240亦对语义距离敏感,它可能是一种与语义加工有关的新的ERP成分;（2）P240在头皮中央偏左的部位较早出现,但在头皮右侧波幅较大;（3）N300和P240都不存在语义距离的半球效应,该结果没有证实右脑更专擅远距离语义加工的假设,表明使用汉语与使用拼音文字的脑机制存在差异。