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141.
Thomas Pogge 《The Journal of Ethics》2000,4(1-2):45-69
A comparative examination of four alternative ways of understandingwhat human rights are supports an institutional understanding assuggested by Article 28 of the Universal Declaration: Human rightsare weighty moral claims on any coercively imposed institutionalorder, national or international (as Article 28 confirms). Any suchorder must afford the persons on whom it is imposed secure accessto the objects of their human rights. This understanding of humanrights is broadly sharable across cultures and narrows the philosophical and practical differences between the friends ofcivil and political and the champions of social, economic, andcultural human rights. When applied to the global institutionalorder, it provides a new argument for conceiving human rights asuniversal – and a new basis for criticizing this order as tooencouraging of oppression, corruption, and poverty in the developing countries: We have a negative duty not to cooperatein the imposition of this global order if feasible reforms ofit would significantly improve the realization of human rights. 相似文献
142.
PETR MACEK LÍDA OSECK LUBOMÍR KOSTRO 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1997,7(1):65-76
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a general legislative framework for democratic societies. Studying the social representations of these basic human rights helps to explain how people understand and assess the basic rights and how these rights relate to everyday life. Over 400 Czech university students rated the 30 articles of the Declaration of Human Rights on various scales (degree of understanding, personal relevance, consequences for individual responsibility, for government, political parties, etc.). A semantic space was identified in which concepts (i.e. the Articles of the Declaration) could be located. A typology (clusters) of articles was then established within that semantic space. A factor analysis of the scales resulted in a two-dimensional solution (‘positive attitude’ and ‘personal influence’). Five clusters of assessed articles were identified within this semantic space. (© 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.) 相似文献
143.
This paper elaborates on discussions in Germany regarding some of the ethical and legal issues in the area of the use and
patenting of inventions involving human tissue. The issues discussed pertain to the benefits and problems regarding informed
consent and the issue of property rights as they relate to the donation of cells and tissue.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
144.
Shrader-Frechette K 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):137-149
Eighty percent of (commercial) genetically engineered seeds (GES) are designed only to resist herbicides. Letting farmers
use more chemicals, they cut labor costs. But developing nations say GES cause food shortages, unemployment, resistant weeds,
and extinction of native cultivars when “volunteers” drift nearby. While GES patents are reasonable, this paper argues many
patent policies are not. The paper surveys GE technology, outlines John Locke’s classic account of property rights, and argues
that current patent policies must be revised to take account of Lockean ethical constraints. After answering a key objection,
it provides concrete suggestions for implementing its ethical conclusions. 相似文献
145.
Salvi M 《Science and engineering ethics》2001,7(1):15-28
In this paper I deal with ethical implications arising from animal biotechnology. I analyse some general questions surrounding
the production of transgenic animals through a specific case study: the oncomouse. In particular, I explore ethical factors
involved in the production of oncomice. This is because biologists genetically modify animals’ germ cells and refuse to modify
human germ cells. I will underline how the international community has thus far justified this ‘ethical difference’.
The opinions here expressed are personal and do not commit the European Commission.
Maurizio Salvi is member of the Scientific Staff of the Higher Institute of Philosophy, University of Leuven. Currently he
is a Scientific Officer (National Expert Detached) of the European Commission, (Directorate-General XII, Science Research
and Development, Directorate B.II.3) dealing with Bioethics research. 相似文献
146.
147.
Mary E. Hunt 《Zygon》2001,36(4):737-751
This is a critical look at the question of design from a feminist theological perspective. The author analyzes James Moore's 1995 Zygon article, "Cosmology and Theology: The Reemergence of Patriarchy." Then she looks at the relationship between science and religion from a feminist perspective, focusing on the kyriarchal nature of theology itself in light of the myriad power issues at hand. Finally, she suggests that, instead of pondering the notion of design, scientists and theologians might more fruitfully look for new ground for dialogue since feminist scholars are asking very different questions, not just answering questions differently. 相似文献
148.
Working from a concept of politics of education that encompasses legal,ethical and pedagogical levels of analysis, this paper presents theresults of a field work project on the meaning and current state of theright to education with a larger philosophical discourse. Talk ofeducation as a human right presupposes taking part in a horizon ofinterpretation. Projected is a view of person as a subject, i.e., assomeone not only placed in a specific context, but also as someone whois capable of distancing him/herself from local and culturalconditioning. 相似文献
149.
Asylum seekers, by their very circumstances, test our common assumptions and practice in relation to human rights. The treatment
of asylum seekers in many European countries has become harsher, more restrictive and less tolerant in recent years, raising
questions about the violation of their rights. The article examines the bases of the rights that asylum seekers do have and
whether these are best supported as human rights or more limited rights that attach to the place of their temporary residence
and to obligations made by their country of temporary residence. Given the propensity of receiving countries to afford increasingly
limited rights, the article identifies a limited set of rights that should take priority in a hierarchy of rights and which
might claim widespread acceptance as those which asylum seekers must enjoy.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
150.
Andrew Altman 《The Journal of Ethics》2001,5(3):241-262
For several decades, Ronald Dworkinhas been one of the most prominent voicesdefending the legality and justifiability ofrace-conscious programs aimed at undoing thecontinuing effects of prejudice. Writingwithin the framework of a liberal legalphilosophy, he has formulated powerfularguments against the view that color-blindpolicies are the only defensible ones. Nonetheless, I argue that a more completeliberal defense of race-conscious policieswould need to develop and modify Dworkin's lineof argument. Such a defense would go beyondhis policy-based arguments and incorporatearguments of principle. Race-conscious policiesdo not only promote the general good; they arealso required in order to help realize theconstitutional right of equal citizenship. 相似文献