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211.
THE STRUCTURE OF EQUIVALENCE CLASSES CAN BE COMPLETELY DESCRIBED BY FOUR PARAMETERS: class size, number of nodes, the distribution of "singles" among nodes, and directionality of training. Class size refers to the number of stimuli in a class. Nodes are stimuli linked by training to at least two other stimuli. Singles are stimuli linked by training to only one other stimulus. The distribution of singles refers to the number of singles linked by training to each node. Directionality of training refers to the use of stimuli as samples and as comparison stimuli in training. These four parameters define the different ways in which the stimuli in a class can be organized, and thus provide a basis for systematically characterizing the properties of stimuli in a given equivalence class. The four parameters can also be used to account for the development of individual differences that are commonly characterized in terms of "understanding" and connotative meaning.Methods are described for generating all possible combinations of parameter values, and a formula is introduced which specifies all of the parameter values for an equivalence class. Its utility for interrelating experimental procedures is demonstrated by analyzing a number of representative experiments that have addressed equivalence-class formation. 相似文献
212.
Reinforcement and punishment effects in concurrent schedules: A test of two models 总被引:7,自引:6,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Farley J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1980,33(3):311-326
The joint effects of punishment and reinforcement on the pigeon's key-peck response were examined in three choice experiments conducted to compare predictions of Farley and Fantino's (1978) subtractive model with those made by Deluty's (1976) and Deluty and Church's (1978) model of punishment. In Experiment 1, the addition of equal punishment schedules to both alternatives of a concurrent reinforcement schedule enhanced the preference exhibited for the more frequent reinforcement alternative. Experiment 2 demonstrated decreases in the absolute response rate for each member of a concurrent reinforcement schedule when increasing frequencies of punishment were added to each alternative. Experiment 3 found that preference for the denser of two reinforcement schedules diminished when the absolute frequencies of reinforcement were increased by a constant factor and conditions of punishment for both alternatives were held constant. Diminished preferences were obtained regardless of whether the frequency of punishment associated with the denser reinforcement schedule was greater or less than that associated with the lean reinforcement alternative. The results from all three experiments uniquely supported Farley and Fantino's (1978) subtractive model of punishment and reinforcement. 相似文献
213.
模糊偏序关系在心理学研究中的应用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文首次给出建立模糊偏序关系矩阵的可行途径。以大学生的颜色爱好实验为例,论证了采用本文所建立的模糊偏序关系矩阵进行排序的方法是制作顺序量表的一种较佳方法。 相似文献
214.
Baruch A. Brody 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1993,14(3):211-219
Empirical research can aid ethical reflection in bioethics by identifying issues, by seeing how they are currently resolved, and by assessing the consequences of these current resolutions. This potential can be misused when the ethical issues in question are fundamentally non-consequentialist or when they are consequentialist but the empirical research fails to address the important consequences. An example of the former problem is some recent studies about bad consequences resulting from commercialized living kidney donor programs. These consequences could be avoided, but the crucial non-consequentialist ethical issues about exploitation and commercialization would still remain. Examples of the latter problem are provided by recent studies of the allocation of ICU beds and of physician deception, where important consequences were not adequately studied. 相似文献
215.
R. W. Sperry 《Zygon》1991,26(2):237-258
Abstract. Instead of separating religion and science into "mutually incompatible realms," the new macromental paradigm of behavioral science permits integration of the two within a single consistent worldview. A new form of causal determinism combines conventional "bottom-up" with emergent "top-down" causation. Traditional materialist tenets are overturned, along with the science-values dichotomy, clearing the way for a science-based value/belief system. Intrinsic ethicomoral directives emerge in which a revised sense of the sacred would help protect the evolving quality of the biosphere, and the rights and welfare of future generations. Subsequent versions of today's changing worldview raise questions of which interpretation to believe. An analysis of "New Age" thinking is called for, and a brief attempt at such analysis is included. 相似文献
216.
217.
A note on logical relations between semantics and syntax 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
218.
J. D. Healy 《Psychometrika》1979,44(2):235-238
The hypothesis that two variables have a perfect disattenuated correlation and hence measure the same trait, except for errors of measurement, is discussed. Equivalently, the underlying variables, the true scores, are related linearly. We show that several previously proposed ad hoc tests are in fact likelihood ratio tests. The cases when the linear relation is specified and when it is unspecified are both discussed.This work was done while the author was at Purdue University Under Air Force Grant AFOSR-72-2350B. 相似文献
219.
L. Michelle Baker 《Philosophia》2008,36(3):299-312
Jean Baudrillard has posited a theory of ‘the precession of simulacra’, arguing that it is no longer possible to tell the
difference between an image and the meaning it purports to represent because technology allows the image to precede its meaning.
Christa Wolf, while researching Cassandra: A Novel and Four Essays (1984), traveled to Greece and discovered the ways in which language in the rational, Western model of civilization has been
distorted. Both Baudrillard and Wolf are disturbed by the ways in which sign systems can be manipulated and generated, and
both demonstrate the effect this has in the political and cultural arenas. This analysis intends to show how Baudrillard’s
theories play out in Wolf’s narrative, and how Wolf resolves the problems thus posed through the shock of the aesthetic experience,
which forces communication while it defies representation.
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L. Michelle BakerEmail: |
220.