Variaciones tonales en el habla a los niños y adquisición del lenguaje

Resumen

El habla dirigida a los niños y la que se dirige a los adultos difieren sistemáticamente en varios aspectos que son identificables. La investigación que presentamos tiene por objeto verificar dichas variaciones en los rasgos tonales del habla dirigida a los niños. Se recogieron muestras de lenguaje de 30 madres y sus hijos de entre 2 y 4 años, así como de otras 30 mujeres, a las que los niños conocían, en interacción diádica espontánea. Se midieron cuatro parámetros del habla adulta, todos ellos relacionados con el tono de las emisiones: la frecuencia fundamental media, el rango de frecuencia, la frecuencia máxima y la frecuencia mínima. Los resultados muestran valores significativamente más altos en el habla a los niños que en el habla a los adultos en tres parámetros y no indican variación en el cuarto. Las diferencias tendían a reducirse a medida que los niños eran mayores, pero seguían siendo significativas para el grupo de niños de 4 años. Las madres no diferían en el tono de habla a los niños de las otras mujeres que no eran las madres en ninguno de los parámetros. Ofrecemos una interpretación pragmática evolutiva de la incidencia del input en la adquisición del lenguaje infantil que enfatiza el papel de la interacción madre-niño en el aprendizaje del lenguaje por parte del niño y en su acceso al mundo social.     

Two Jungs. Apropos a paper by Mark Saban

Jung's idea of the ‘personal equation’ amounts to the reflection that theoretical differences between the psychologies that people teach are rooted in their personalities, in other words, that they are due to the psychology each one ‘has’. This concept also applies to different interpretations of Jung's work. The serious difficulties that Mark Saban has with my psychology are a case in point. Recourse to the concept of the personal equation reveals that Saban has his Jung and I have mine. With his insistence on his Talmudic methodological principle of dream interpretation, that ‘the dream is its own interpretation’, according to Saban Jung means nothing but a rejection of Freudian free association. My Jung goes far beyond that. Jung understands this methodological principle above all in terms of what he calls ‘circumambulation’. The main part of this paper is devoted to an elucidation of what circumambulation involves as a mode of dream interpretation. The paper concludes with the distinction Jung himself introduced between two types of reading of his work, either as ‘paper’ and ‘dead nostrums’ or as ‘fire and wind’, and pleads for a reconstruction of Jung's psychology as a whole in terms of his most advanced, deepest insights, instead of a dogmatic reading mainly based on the early Jung, a reading for which his later revolutionary insights are at best negligible embellishments.     

Political and clinical developments in analytical psychology, 1972‐2014: subjectivity,equality and diversity—inside and outside the consulting room

Utilizing Jung's idea of theory as a ‘personal confession’, the author charts his own development as a theorist, establishing links between his personal history and his ideas. Such links include his relationship with both parents, his sexuality, his cultural heritage, and his fascination with Tricksters and with Hermes. There follows a substantial critical interrogation of what the author discerns as the two main lines of clinical theorizing in contemporary analytical psychotherapy: interpretation of transference‐countertransference, and the relational approach. His conclusion is that neither is superior to the other and neither is in fact adequate as a basis for clinical work. The focus then shifts to explore a range of political and social aspects of the clinical project of analytical psychology: economic inequality, diversity within the professional field, and Jung's controversial ideas about Jews and Africans. The author calls for an apology from the ‘Jungian community’ for remarks about Africans analogous to the apology already issued for remarks about Jews. The paper is dedicated to the author's friend Fred Plaut (1913‐2009).