Infants' sensitivity to differential luminance as information about depth

To what degree are young infants able to perceive differential shadowing and to what degree are they able to utilize this stimulus parameter as information about depth? Two habituation experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, a group of 5-month-old infants were habituated to a low frequency, vertical, and approximately sinusoidal luminance grating superimposed on a flat colored surface. This display induced stable 3-D perception in adult subjects. After habituation, the infants viewed two test displays at alternating trials. One was made up of real half cylinders matching the light distribution of the habituation display and the other was made up of a square wave grating of the same spatial frequency as in the habituation one. Adults perceived the latter display as flat. Results showed that both test displays were treated as new ones by the infants habituated to the sinusoidal grating. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, except that the subjects were 3 1/2-month-old. These infants treated the half cylinders as familiar and the square wave grating as new. The results indicate that infants at both age levels (3 1/2 and 5 months of age) were sensitive to the difference between sharp and gradual change in luminance which is a prerequisite for perceiving form from luminance. However, neither age group seemed to utilize gradual change in luminance as information about space.     

The Scandal of Deduction

This article provides the first comprehensive reconstruction and analysis of Hintikka’s attempt to obtain a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences. The reconstruction is detailed by necessity due to the originality of Hintikka’s contribution. The analysis will turn out to be destructive. It dismisses Hintikka’s distinction between surface information and depth information as being of any utility towards obtaining a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences. Hintikka is right to identify the failure of canonical information theory to give an account of the information yield of deductions as a scandal, however this article demonstrates that his attempt to provide such an account fails. It fails primarily because it applies to only a restricted set of deductions in the polyadic predicate calculus, and fails to apply at all to the deductions in the monadic predicate calculus and the propositional calculus. Some corollaries of these facts are a number of undesirable and counterintuitive results concerning the proposed relation of linguistic meaning (and hence synonymy) with surface information. Some of these results will be seen to contradict Hintikka’s stated aims, whilst others are seen to be false. The consequence is that the problem of obtaining a measure of the information yield of deductive inferences remains an open one. The failure of Hintikka’s proposal will suggest that a purely syntactic approach to the problem be abandoned in favour of an intrinsically semantic one.     

汉语言语产生中语音、字形启动的位置效应

以起始掩蔽启动效应(the Masked Onset Priming Effect, 简称MOP效应)为研究背景, 通过3个实验, 考察了语音和字形在MOP效应产生中的作用, 以及在汉语单字词产生中语音、字形启动的位置效应。实验1表明, 在汉语单字词的产生中, 语音启动的位置效应显著, 声母启动的效应量显著大于韵母启动的效应量, 与拼音文字研究得到的MOP效应类似, 说明在MOP效应中至少包含有语音效应。汉字单字词语音编码的最小单位是音位, 而且具有从左到右序列加工的特点, 支持言语产生的“音节临时形成论”。实验2表明, 与目标字左、右部件相同的启动刺激均能促进掩蔽启动范式中的命名反应, 被试对与启动字的右部件相同的目标字的反应显著快于对与启动字的左部件相同的目标字的反应, 与起始掩蔽启动效应的假设相反, 说明在MOP效应中不包含有字形的作用, 却发现了汉字单字词特有的命名的字形位置效应：右部件启动的效应量大于左部件启动的效应量。实验3采用图-词干扰范式对汉字左、右部件的启动效应做了进一步的探讨, 仍然发现汉字右部件启动的效应量显著大于汉字左部件启动的效应量。整个研究表明, MOP效应是单纯的语音效应, 并不包含有字形的作用; MOP效应产生于言语产生中的语音编码阶段, 支持言语计划理论的观点。     

Meaning and Movement: Exploring the Deep Connections to Education

Many in education suggest that to have studentsadopt healthy and active lifestyles, then theymust be offered meaning rich physical activityexperiences. This paper adds to thisconversation in two ways. First, this paperadds depth and richness to traditionalconceptualizations of the meaning in movement.In doing so, we interrogate the physical,cognitive and affective meaning that studentsmay derive from participation in movement.Second, this paper examines the role ofphysical activity in theme-based, integratedcurriculum. We highlight how physical activitycan be incorporated into theme-based units insubstantial and non-trivial ways.     

双眼性的深度运动速度与方向知觉研究

研究双眼性的深度运动知觉,结果表明,双眼视网膜象的速度差信息,在深度运动的速度检测中起重要作用;而速度比信息则有助于判断深度运动的方向,人眼感知的深度运动的速度大小正比于双眼网膜象的速度差,感知的运动方向则取决于速度比。提出人类视觉系统具有从二维网膜信息获得三维运动知党的双限性机制,据此解释了双眼视觉的速度检测特性以及所具有的０．２°的方向分辨率,理论模型与实验结果及日常视知觉符合良好。     

The Metaphors of Knowledge and Academic Impact

This essay discusses critically the ways in which different metaphors employed to illustrate the practices of knowledge production and knowledge acquisition as well as scientific and scholarly research shape our understanding of the academic form of life. The essay examines the metaphors of knowledge and their role in academia by means of philosophical analysis and a rhetorical analysis of language, thereby defending the core values of academic freedom. It focuses on two pairs of metaphors highly relevant to the tensions characteristic of contemporary academic work: verticality and horizontality, on the one hand, and change and stability, on the other. The entanglement of perspectives from philosophy and historical rhetoric serves a metaphilosophical goal here: to show that our philosophical understanding of the nature of inquiry will be considerably enhanced if we seriously, and with both historical and literary sensibilities, study the metaphors we use in characterizing our epistemic and cognitive projects.     

充分加工条件下听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点

听写困难是指儿童能够认读不能听写的现象。前期研究表明,在快速加工条件下,听写困难儿童存在整体字形加工缺陷。本研究使用学习-回忆方法,考察在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点。实验结果表明,在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童不仅能够加工并形成双部件合体字的整体字形表征;而且,也能够在同字形组织水平上,形成多部件合体字的整体字形表征。因此,在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童的整体字形加工能力正常。     

三到六年级汉语儿童英语拼写发展及其与正字法规则意识的关系

本研究对167名三到六年级的汉语儿童进行了英语拼写测验和英语正字法规则意识测验,结果发现:(1)汉语儿童在整个小学时期的英语拼写能力都基本处于字母名称拼写策略阶段,在四年级到五年级期间,其整体拼写水平有较显著提高;(2)汉语小学儿童的英语拼写水平与其正字法规则意识显著相关,四、五、六年级儿童的英语字母可双写位置规则对其英语拼写能力具有显著预测作用。     

概念加工深度影响道德概念水平方位隐喻联结

通过6个实验探究了不同概念加工深度下道德概念与水平方位的隐喻联结。实验1采用迫选任务范式, 实验2、实验3和实验4均采用空间Stroop范式, 实验5和实验6均采用启动范式。结果发现：(1)在思维迫选中存在道德与左、不道德与右的隐喻联结; (2)在较深、中等概念加工深度下发现了隐喻一致性效应, 在较浅概念加工深度下未发现这种效应; (3)在较浅概念加工深度下始源域和目标域之间的映射均不存在, 即未在启动范式中发现隐喻联结。结果表明：道德概念与水平方位存在隐喻联结, 这种隐喻联结中左表征道德、右表征不道德, 并同时受到始源域和目标域加工深度的影响。