Discrete Choice Models for Ordinal Response Variables: A Generalization of the Stereotype Model

In this paper I present a class of discrete choice models for ordinal response variables based on a generalization of the stereotype model. The stereotype model can be derived and generalized as a random utility model for ordered alternatives. Random utility models can be specified to account for heteroscedastic and correlated utilities. In the case of the generalized stereotype model this includes category-specific random effects due to individual differences in response style. But unlike standard random utility models the generalized stereotype model is better suited for ordinal response variables and can be interpreted as a kind of unidimensional unfolding model. This paper discusses the specification, interpretation, identification, and estimation of generalized stereotype models. Two applications are provided for illustration. This paper benefited significantly from the comments and suggestions of the editor, associate editor, and three anonymous reviewers. It is dedicated to my late colleague, peer, and friend Bradley D. Crouch.     

Categorical Ontology of Levels and Emergent Complexity: An Introduction

An overview of the following three related papers in this issue presents the Emergence of Highly Complex Systems such as living organisms, man, society and the human mind from the viewpoint of the current Ontological Theory of Levels. The ontology of spacetime structures in the Universe is discussed beginning with the quantum level; then, the striking emergence of the higher levels of reality is examined from a categorical—relational and logical viewpoint. The ontological problems and methodology aspects discussed in the first two papers are followed by a rigorous paper based on Category Theory, Algebraic Topology and Logic that provides a conceptual and mathematical basis for a Categorical Ontology Theory of Levels. The essential links and relationships between the following three papers of this issue are pointed out, and further possible developments are being considered.     

A Note on Comparing the Estimates of Models for Cluster-Correlated or Longitudinal Data with Binary or Ordinal Outcomes

When using linear models for cluster-correlated or longitudinal data, a common modeling practice is to begin by fitting a relatively simple model and then to increase the model complexity in steps. New predictors might be added to the model, or a more complex covariance structure might be specified for the observations. When fitting models for binary or ordered-categorical outcomes, however, comparisons between such models are impeded by the implicit rescaling of the model estimates that takes place with the inclusion of new predictors and/or random effects. This paper presents an approach for putting the estimates on a common scale to facilitate relative comparisons between models fit to binary or ordinal outcomes. The approach is developed for both population-average and unit-specific models.     

“揭开黑箱”——变革型领导中介变量的研究现状与展望

变革型领导作用机制的研究目前是国内外学者关注的一个热点.大家比较一致的结论是心理授权在变革型领导行为与领导有效性之间起到中介作用,其中,心理授权中工作意义和自我效能两个维度起主要作用.学者们还发现信任和组织公平在变革型领导与员工工作绩效之间能起到显著的中介作用;另外,领导一成员交换关系和工作特征等作为变革型领导行为过程中的中介变量也得到验证.在未来,基于目标设置的变革型领导作用机制的构思将为今后研究提供一条新思路.     

罗夏测验在西方近10年的最新发展

近10年来, 罗夏综合系统不断发展, 新增了XA%与WDA%、知觉−思维指数PTI、GHR:PHR等多个指标, 修改了8个群变量, 删除了精神分裂SCZI指标。这些新调整虽然不是本质性的, 但使得罗夏综合系统内容更加完善, 信度和效度不断提高, 更加精确化和标准化, 成为西方不可或缺的心理测验工具。尽管罗夏综合系统不断发展, 但仍然存在着操作过于复杂、功能还需要进一步完善等问题。罗夏综合系统作为一个代表性的投射测验, 与其它客观测验组成了一个完整的心理测量体系, 会发挥越来越大的作用。     

初二学生知觉到的教师期望、自我价值感与自我效能的关系研究

以 2 55名初中二年级学生为被试 ,采用验证性因素分析和多元回归方法对教师期望、自我价值感及自我效能的关系进行研究。结果表明 :(1 )人口统计学变量 (性别和班别 )对教师期望、自我价值感及自我效能有影响。 (2 )教师期望与自我价值感和自我效能相关显著 :积极效应与自我价值感及自我效能的各维度呈显著正相关 ,消极效应与自我价值感及自我效能各维度呈显著负相关。 (3 )在控制了人口统计学变量后 ,教师期望与自我价值感仍对自我效能各维度具有较强的预测作用。 (4)自我价值感在教师期望对自我效能各维度的影响上起到了中介作用     

Notes on selective influence, probabilistic causality, and probabilistic dimensionality

The paper provides conceptual clarifications for the issues related to the dependence of jointly distributed systems of random entities on external factors. This includes the theory of selective influence as proposed in Dzhafarov [(2003a). Selective influence through conditional independence. Psychometrika, 68, 7-26] and generalized versions of the notions of probabilistic causality [Suppes, P., & Zanotti, M. (1981). When are probabilistic explanations possible? Synthese, 48, 191-199] and dimensionality in the latent variable models [Levine, M. V. (2003). Dimension in latent variable models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 47, 450-466]. One of the basic observations is that any system of random entities whose joint distribution depends on a factor set can be represented by functions of two arguments: a single factor-independent source of randomness and the factor set itself. In the case of random variables (i.e., real-valued random entities endowed with Borel sigma-algebras) the single source of randomness can be chosen to be any random variable with a continuous distribution (e.g., uniformly distributed between 0 and 1).     

中西医结合的现状与思考

根据中西医结合的现状,分析中、西医学的可结合性;从中西医学的“共通”点,根据临床结合已取得较好成果的客观事实,从能结合宏观与微观的“黑箱方法”这一角度,通过分析人健康状态时的输入变量、输出变量和疾病状态时的输入变量、输出变量之间的关系,浅析中西医结合切入点,并提及未来医学发展的整体性方向。     

Assessment and treatment of low-rate high-intensity problem behavior.

Functional analysis of low‐rate aggression was conducted during extended observation periods and showed behavior to be maintained by positive reinforcement. Treatment consisted of variable‐momentary differential reinforcement of other behavior and was successful in reducing problem behavior throughout these extended observation periods.