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41.
Chuang Ye 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2008,3(1):99-122
Radical interpretation is used by Davison in his linguistic theory not only as an interesting thought experiment but also
a general pattern that is believed to be able to give an essential and general account of linguistic interpretation. If the
principle of charity is absolutely necessary to radical interpretation, it becomes, in this sense, a general methodological
principle. However, radical interpretation is a local pattern that is proper only for exploring certain interpretation in
a specific case, and consequently the principle of charity is an applicable principle in the limited scope. It is neither
the case that every linguistic interpretation is in nature radical nor that the principle of charity is the primary and fundamental
principle for all linguistic interpretation as Davidson believes.
相似文献
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44.
Hartmann Scheiblechner 《Psychometrika》2007,72(1):43-67
The (univariate) isotonic psychometric (ISOP) model (Scheiblechner, 1995) is a nonparametric IRT model for dichotomous and
polytomous (rating scale) psychological test data. A weak subject independence axiom W1 postulates that the subjects are ordered
in the same way except for ties (i.e., similarly or isotonically) by all items of a psychological test. A weak item independence
axiom W2 postulates that the order of the items is similar for all subjects. Local independence (LI or W3) is assumed in all
models. With these axioms, sample-free unidimensional ordinal measurements of items and subjects become feasible. A cancellation
axiom (Co) gives, as a result, the additive isotonic psychometric (ADISOP) model and interval scales for subjects and items,
and an independence axiom (W4) gives the completely additive isotonic psychometric (CADISOP) model with an interval scale
for the response variable (Scheiblechner, 1999). The d-ISOP, d-ADISOP, and d-CADISOP models are generalizations to d-dimensional dependent variables (e.g., speed and accuracy of response).
The author would like to thank an Associate Editor and two anonymous referees and also Professor H.H. Schulze for their very
valuable suggestions and corrections. 相似文献
45.
Louis P. Hagopian Wayne W. Fisher Rachel H. Thompson Jamie Owen-DeSchryver Brian A. Iwata David P. Wacker 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1997,30(2):313-326
Using functional analysis results to prescribe treatments is the preferred method for developing behavioral interventions. Little is known, however, about the reliability and validity of visual inspection for the interpretation of functional analysis data. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a set of structured criteria for visual inspection of multielement functional analyses that, when applied correctly, would increase interrater agreement and agreement with interpretations reached by expert consensus. In Study 1, 3 predoctoral interns interpreted functional analysis graphs, and interrater agreement was low (M = .46). In Study 2, 64 functional analysis graphs were interpreted by a panel of experts, and then a set of structured criteria were developed that yielded interpretive results similar to those of the panel (exact agreement = .94). In Study 3, the 3 predoctoral interns from Study 1 were trained to use the structured criteria, and the mean interrater agreement coefficient increased to .81. The results suggest that (a) the interpretation of functional analysis data may be less reliable than is generally assumed, (b) decision-making rules used by experts in the interpretation of functional analysis data can be operationalized, and (c) individuals can be trained to apply these rules accurately to increase interrater agreement. Potential uses of the criteria are discussed. 相似文献
46.
Despite the wide usage of Conners' 10-item Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire (APTQ), normative data for parental ratings on the APTQ are rare. Moreover, its psychometric properties as a stand alone behavioral rating instrument have yet to be examined in detail. Using data from parental ratings for 6,841 children aged 5 to 14 years, this paper reports the psychometric properties of the APTQ and provides normative and prevalence estimates for four age cohorts (5 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 11, and 12 to 14 years) by gender. In presenting the findings, the paper highlights key methodological issues endemic to the design of behavioral rating inventories like the APTQ and the analysis of data derived from them. These issues are illustrated and discussed in terms of their implications for the measurement and determination of prevalence estimates of problem behaviors in child psychology and child psychiatry. The need to revise the design, content, and response formats of child behavior rating inventories is stressed. 相似文献
47.
Hoi K. Suen Donald Ary Wesley C. Covalt 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1990,12(4):359-363
Based on the conceptual framework outlined by Cone (1986) and Suen (1988), a practical decision tree is developed as an aid for the selection of observational reliability indices. 相似文献
48.
Jay Powell 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1984,6(1):71-80
Computer simulations of behavior and event records of a child's visual fixation on an adult person were generated and sampled using a modified time sampling procedure. The modified approach required making two independent scoring judgments per observation interval: if the behavior was initiated within the interval, the interval was scored; if the behavior was ongoing precisely at the end of the interval, the interval was again scored. The results showed that the within-interval and end-of-interval scores yielded, respectively, estimates of behavioral frequency and duration. The accuracy of the estimates was a function of the number of observations. Several field studies demonstrated high agreement among observers who employed the measurement system. 相似文献
49.
A k-sample significance test for independent alpha coefficients 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The earlier two-sample procedure of Feldt [1969] for comparing independent alpha reliability coefficients is extended to the case ofK 2 independent samples. Details of a normalization of the statistic under consideration are presented, leading to computational procedures for the overallK-group significance test and accompanying multiple comparisons. Results based on computer simulation methods are presented, demonstrating that the procedures control Type I error adequately. The results of a power comparison of the case ofK=2 with Feldt's [1969]F test are also presented. The differences in power were negligible. Some final observations, along with suggestions for further research, are noted.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Michael E. Masson, in the computations performed, and of Leonard S. Feldt, in suggesting the data generation procedures used in the study. In addition, the authors thank James Zidek and the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of British Columbia, for advice concerning some of the theoretical development. 相似文献
50.
Edmund R. Peay 《Psychometrika》1988,53(2):199-208
An integrated method for rotating and rescaling a set of configurations to optimal agreement in subspaces of varying dimensionalities is developed. The approach relates existing orthogonal rotation techniques as special cases within a general framework based on a partition of variation which provides convenient measures of agreement. In addition to the well-known Procrustes and inner product optimality criteria, a criterion which maximizes the consensus among subspaces of the configurations is suggested. Since agreement of subspaces of the configurations can be examined and compared, rotation and rescaling is extended from a data transformation technique to an analytical method. 相似文献