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181.
Alvin Enis House Betty J. House Martha B. Campbell 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1981,3(1):37-57
Seventeen measures of association for observer reliability (interobserver agreement) are reviewed and computational formulas are given in a common notational system. An empirical comparison of 10 of these measures is made over a range of potential reliability check results. The effects on percentage and correlational measures of occurrence frequency, error frequency, and error distribution are examined. The question of which is the best measure of interobserver agreement is discussed in terms of critical issues to be considered 相似文献
182.
In order to facilitate the field monitoring of three subjects interacting according to one or more of 18 response categories, a modified version of several available, but oftentimes mechanically incompatible, observational procedures was designed. Its continuous recording strategy, sectioned into one-minute observational units, enabled researchers to derive highly representative behavior samples, and when accompanied by the specially tailored coding form and recording apparatus, observers achieved over 90% agreement across all reliability sessions. This procedure provides applied researchers with a simple, highly reliable, and adaptable observation tool for continuously and simultaneously monitoring the behaviors of one or more subjects. 相似文献
183.
Samuel B. Green James F. McCoy Kevin P. Burns Anna C. Smith 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1982,4(2):103-118
The purpose of the study was to compare the accuracies obtained from whole interval, partial interval, and momentary time-sample recording procedures. Two types of accuracies were defined. Between-methods accuracy is the degree to which an observer using a particular recording method agrees with a standard using a continuous recording method. Within-methods accuracy is the degree to which an observer and a standard agree when both use the same recording method. Fifty-four undergraduate students viewed a videotape of a woman twisting her hair and recorded the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior using one of the three recording methods. Tapes were divided into segments with low, intermediate, and high rates of behavior. Partial and whole interval recording obtained poorer between-methods accuracies than momentary time sampling. Results showed that whole interval and momentary time-sampling procedures yielded higher within-method accuracies than partial interval recording. Thus, momentary time-sampling recording provided the advantages of both greater representativeness and as few or fewer observer errors than whole or partial interval recording procedures. Use of the interval recording methods by researchers must be justifiable within this framework. 相似文献
184.
We provide a unified, theoretical basis on which measures of data reliability may be derived or evaluated, for both quantitative and qualitative data. This approach evaluates reliability as the proportional reduction in loss (PRL) that is attained in a sample by an optimal estimator. The resulting measure is between 0 and 1, linearly related to expected loss, and provides a direct way of contrasting the measured reliability in the sample with the least reliable and most reliable data-generating cases. The PRL measure is a generalization of many of the commonly-used reliability measures.We show how the quantitative measures from generalizability theory can be derived as PRL measures (including Cronbach's alpha and measures proposed by Winer). For categorical data, we develop a new measure for the general case in which each of N judges assigns a subject to one of K categories and show that it is equivalent to a measure proposed by Perreault and Leigh for the case where N is 2.Bruce Cooil is an Associate Professor of Statistics, and Roland T. Rust is a Professor and area head for Marketing. The authors thank three anonymous reviewers and an Associate Editor for their helpful comments and suggestions. This work was supported in part by the Dean's Fund for Faculty Research of the Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University. 相似文献
185.
With random assignment to treatments and standard assumptions, either a one-way ANOVA of post-test scores or a two-way, repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-test scores provides a legitimate test of the equal treatment effect null hypothesis for latent variable . In an ANCOVA for pre- and post-test variablesX andY which are ordinal measures of and , respectively, random assignment and standard assumptions ensure the legitimacy of inferences about the equality of treatment effects on latent variable . Sample estimates of adjustedY treatment means are ordinal estimators of adjusted post-test means on latent variable . 相似文献
186.
Karl G. Jöreskog 《Psychometrika》1994,59(3):381-389
A general theory for parametric inference in contingency tables is outlined. Estimation of polychoric correlations is seen as a special case of this theory. The asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimated polychoric correlations is derived for the case when the thresholds are estimated from the univariate marginals and the polychoric correlations are estimated from the bivariate marginals for given thresholds. Computational aspects are also discussed.The research was supported by the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSFR) under the programMultivariate Statistical Analysis. The author thanks a reviewer for pointing out an error in the original version of the paper. 相似文献
187.
Brian W. Junker 《Psychometrika》1998,63(1):73-85
Scheiblechner (1995) proposes a probabilistic axiomatization of measurement called ISOP (isotonic ordinal probabilistic models)
that replaces Rasch's (1980) specific objectivity assumptions with two interesting ordinal assumptions. Special cases of Scheiblechner's
model include standard unidimensional factor analysis models in which the loadings are held constant, and the Rasch model
for binary item responses. Closely related are the doubly-monotone item response models of Mokken (1971; see also Mokken &
Lewis, 1982; Sijtsma, 1988; Molenaar, 1991; Sijtsma & Junker, 1996; and Sijtsma & Hemker, in press). More generally, strictly
unidimensional latent variable models have been considered in some detail by Holland and Rosenbaum (1986), Ellis and van den
Wollenberg (1993), and Junker (1990, 1993). The purpose of this note is to provide connections with current research in foundations
and nonparametric latent variable and item response modeling that are missing from Scheiblechner's (1995) paper, and to point
out important related work by Hemker, Sijtsma, Molenaar, & Junker (1996, 1997), Ellis and Junker (in press) and Junker and
Ellis (1997). We also discuss counterexamples to three major theorems in the paper. By carrying out these three tasks, we
hope to provide researchers interested in the foundations of measurement and item response modeling the opportunity to give
the ISOP approach the careful attention it deserves.
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant DMS-94.04438. I thank the Editor and three anonymous
referees for careful readings that improved the completeness of this note. 相似文献
188.
模糊偏序关系在心理学研究中的应用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文首次给出建立模糊偏序关系矩阵的可行途径。以大学生的颜色爱好实验为例,论证了采用本文所建立的模糊偏序关系矩阵进行排序的方法是制作顺序量表的一种较佳方法。 相似文献
189.
Cato Grønnerød 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1999,40(2):115-120
A standardized estimation of Rorschach interrater agreement is needed. Percentage agreement, although widely used, is found to be unsuitable. Forty-one protocols from adults in both a normal and a psychiatric sample were scored by two or three scorers, making 85 scoring pairs. Percentage agreement, correlations (phi and Pearson's r ), and kappa were computed on single response, total score, and category level. Percentage agreement shows minimal variation. Even when exceeding 0.80, it can obscure major disagreements. Kappa and correlations both vary in a similar way with level of disagreement. Total score level does not give additional information compared to single score and category levels. Kappa proved to be conservative and reliable and is therefore suggested as a standard estimate. 相似文献
190.
Robert S. Schulman 《Psychometrika》1979,44(1):3-20
To date, virtually all techniques appropriate for ordinal data are based on the uniform probability distribution over the permutations. In this paper we introduce and examine an alternative probability model for the distribution of ordinal data. Preliminary to deriving the expectations of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau under this model, we show how to compute certain conditional expectations of rho and tau under the uniform distribution. The alternative probability model is then applied to ordinal test theory, and the calculation of true scores and test reliability are discussed. 相似文献