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81.
Stephen Sutton 《Psychology & health》2013,28(2):163-171
Abstract The vast majority of studies investigating stage theories of health behaviour such as the transtheoretical model have used a cross-sectional research design. Participants are classified into stages and compared on theoretically relevant variables. This paper discusses the proper interpretation of cross-sectional data on stages of change. Linear patterns are not consistent with the stage model assumption that different causal factors are important at different stages but discontinuity patterns (patterns that do not show consistent increments or decrements across stages) can be diagnostic of a stage model. Researchers who use cross-sectional designs should specify predictions concerning the patterns to be expected under a stage model and under possible rival models, and interpret their data accordingly. Wherever possible, they should conduct prospective longitudinal and experimental studies which enable stronger inferences to be drawn. 相似文献
82.
Rik Crutzen Gjalt-Jorn Ygram Peters Christopher Mondschein 《Psychology & health》2013,28(11):1347-1357
AbstractThe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is the new European Union-wide (EU) law on data protection, which is a great step towards more comprehensive and more far-reaching protection of individuals' personal data. In this editorial, we describe why and how we – as researchers within the field of health psychology – should care about the GDPR. In the first part, we explain when the GDPR is applicable, who is accountable for data protection, and what is covered by the notions of personal data and processing. In the second part, we explain aspects of the GDPR that are relevant for researchers within the field of health psychology (e.g., obtaining informed consent, data minimisation, and open science). We focus on questions that researchers may ask themselves in their daily practice. Compliance with the GDPR requires adopting research practices (e.g., data minimisation and anonymization procedures) that are not yet commonly used, but serve the fundamental right to protection of personal data of study participants. 相似文献
83.
K. Konstantopoulos P. Vogazianos C. Thodi P. Nikopoulou-Smyrni 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(6):751-758
Background: The Children’s Color Trails Test (CCTT) is a neuropsychological test that measures attention, divided attention, and speed of mental processing. It has been increasingly used in the assessment of children in cross-cultural environments for neurological and psychiatric disorders such as seizures and closed head injuries, learning and/or language disabilities, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, children with manganese exposure, and children diagnosed with HIV virus. However, there is a paucity of studies presenting normative data. The aim of the present study was to provide normative data for the CCTT in the Cypriot population. Methods: A total of 709 native Cypriot children aged 7–16 years, recruited from various public schools across the island, took part in the study. Exclusion criteria involved the existence of neurological, psychiatric, cardiological, and metabolic diseases, premature birth, history of maternal alcohol and drug abuse during pregnancy, low birth weight, hearing loss, visual problems, native language other than Greek, and abnormality in fine-motor movements. Results: Age and gender were found to be important factors for the interpretation of scores in all CCTT variables. Older children required less time and exhibited fewer errors, near misses, and prompts compared to younger children. There was a consistent pattern of a 3–4 seconds improvement (less time in seconds) in the CCTT completion time as age increased. Conclusions: CCTT is a promising tool for the measurement of attention in the native Cypriot population. Further research is needed in children diagnosed with various neurological and psychiatric diseases in order to estimate validity of the CCTT in clinical populations. 相似文献
84.
We report on the effect of cooling rate on the size-dependent atomic ordering of CoPt nanoparticles using aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that cooling rate plays a crucial role in promoting atomic ordering during the cooling process after annealing. Nanoparticles of ≈3?nm in diameter show the A1-disordered phase after annealing at 873?K for 1?h followed by rapid cooling (110?K/min), while the L10-ordered phase is obtained when the cooling rate is slow (1.5?K/min). The disordered phase is also obtained by rapid cooling after annealing at 973?K for 1?h. These results unambiguously indicate that the order–disorder transformation temperature is reduced to a temperature at least lower than 873?K for CoPt nanoparticles smaller than 3?nm in diameter. The slow cooling process promotes the atomic ordering, which resulted in an enhancement of magnetic coercivity as high as 2200?Oe. This study demonstrates that hard magnetic properties of the CoPt nanoparticles can be improved by controlling the cooling rate after heat treatments. 相似文献
85.
86.
Justyna Olszewska Joanna Ulatowska 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(1):44-52
The present research investigated memory vulnerability to distortions. Different
encoding strategies were used when categorized lists were studied. The authors
assumed that an imagery strategy would be responsible for decreasing false
memories more than a word-whispering strategy, which is consistent with the
model of semantic access and previous research in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott
paradigm (the DRM paradigm; Deese, 1959;
Roediger & McDermott, 1995). A
normative study of category lists and 4 experiments were conducted to verify the
memory vulnerability to different encoding strategies (imagery, word-whispering,
control). Half of subjects recalled and half recognized previously studied
words. The results revealed a marked reduction in false recognition and recall
after imagery encoding, relative to after word-whispering encoding. 相似文献
87.
Gillian Cohen 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(1):1-36
Many theoretical models of cognition are based on the assumption that cognitive processes and representations are hierarchically structured. The issue of whether these hierarchies are mere constructs or conceptual tools, or whether they have psychological and neurological reality, is addressed. Theories across a range of cognitive domains are reviewed and four kinds of evidence are considered: behavioural, neuropsychological, ontogenetic, and logical. Logical constraints are identified in relation to operating principles of control, access, economy and analogy. The general characteristics of hierarchical structures and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. 相似文献
88.
A Thurstonian Analysis of Preference Change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ulf Böckenholt 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2002,46(3):300-314
This paper presents a Thurstonian model for the analysis of preference change. Preferences are expressed in the form of rankings, possibly with ties. A vector-autoregression framework is used to investigate relationships between past and current rankings. It is shown that this approach yields a parsimonious and easily interpretable representation of individual preference differences in time-dependent ranking data. A detailed analysis of the 1992 National Election Study illustrates the proposed approach. 相似文献
89.
This paper introduces the online Causal Network Elicitation Technique (CNET), as a technique for measuring components of mental representations of choice tasks and compares it with the more common technique of online ‘hard’ laddering (HL). While CNET works in basically two phases, one in open question format and one as guided linking of attributes and benefits, HL works completely structured with revealed attributes and benefits. Mental representations of two activity travel tasks were collected with both techniques among members of a nationwide Dutch household panel. The results confirm the hypothesis that the revealed format of variables in HL has an effect on the indication of variables as the elicited mental representations are almost twice as big for HL than for CNET. Furthermore, it turned out that CNET is more sensitive in measuring shifts among attributes in the mental representations for situational changes of the activity-travel task. 相似文献
90.