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101.
《The journal of positive psychology》2013,8(5):395-403
Flow theory postulates that the psychological state of flow emerging when one engages in activities where skill level and challenge are both high, results in ‘optimal’ subjective experiences relative to other psychological states, and is intrinsically motivated. The experience sampling method was used on a sample of college students to compare daily activities associated with flow (high skill, high challenge) to the psychological state of control (high skill, moderate challenge) in relation to the subjective experiences of enjoyment, happiness, intrinsic motivation, and cognitive involvement. Contrary to flow theory, enjoyment, happiness, and intrinsic motivation were characteristic of activities associated with being in ‘control,’ as opposed to flow. Flow activities were associated with being cognitively involved in the task at hand. We believe such theoretically important findings have been masked when using the original four-channel model of flow, but are clarified with use of the revised experience fluctuation model. 相似文献
102.
103.
This study examines separate and concurrent approaches to combine the detection of item parameter drift (IPD) and the estimation of scale transformation coefficients in the context of the common item nonequivalent groups design with the three-parameter item response theory equating. The study uses real and synthetic data sets to compare the two approaches based on IPD flagging rates, type I error and power rates, and recovery of scale transformation coefficients. Results indicate that the two approaches render similar outcomes with stable anchor sets. However, they can produce dissimilar results with unstable anchor sets because of differences in the performance of their IPD components. Further, the findings of this study caution about working backward from equated cut scores to motivate the selection of an anchor set. 相似文献
104.
《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》2017,24(3-4):121-132
Multi‐criteria decision analysis presumes trade‐off between different criteria. As a result, the optimal solution is not unique and can be represented by the Pareto frontier in the objective space. Each Pareto solution is a compromise between different objectives. Despite a limited number of Pareto optimal solutions, the decision‐maker eventually has to choose only one option. Such a choice has to be made with the use of additional preferences not included in the original formulation of the optimization problem. The paper represents a new approach to an automatic ranking that can help the decision‐maker. In contrast to the other methodologies, the proposed method is based on the minimization of trade‐off between different Pareto solutions. To be realized, the approach presumes the existence of a well‐distributed Pareto set representing the entire Pareto frontier. In the paper, such a set is generated with the use of the directed search domain algorithm. The method is applied to a number of test cases and compared against two existing alternative approaches. 相似文献
105.
Klaas Sijtsma L. Andries van der Ark 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2017,70(1):137-158
Over the past decade, Mokken scale analysis (MSA) has rapidly grown in popularity among researchers from many different research areas. This tutorial provides researchers with a set of techniques and a procedure for their application, such that the construction of scales that have superior measurement properties is further optimized, taking full advantage of the properties of MSA. First, we define the conceptual context of MSA, discuss the two item response theory (IRT) models that constitute the basis of MSA, and discuss how these models differ from other IRT models. Second, we discuss dos and don'ts for MSA; the don'ts include misunderstandings we have frequently encountered with researchers in our three decades of experience with real‐data MSA. Third, we discuss a methodology for MSA on real data that consist of a sample of persons who have provided scores on a set of items that, depending on the composition of the item set, constitute the basis for one or more scales, and we use the methodology to analyse an example real‐data set. 相似文献
106.
Niko Tiliopoulos Gerry Pallier Anthony P.M. Coxon 《Personality and individual differences》2010,48(1):34-39
The five factor model, a dominant model of personality today, is based on the pre-structuring of test-components and factor analytic (FA) interpretations. These procedures have been criticised, especially FA’s limitation to accurately identify the underlying structure of constructs. This paper examined whether the NEO-PI-R revealed the same trait structures when analysed through alternative statistical procedures. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was employed alongside FA techniques (N = 384). FA indicated the presence of five factors, but NMDS suggested a more parsimonious arrangement, comprising three (similar to Eysenck’s PEN model), or even two “super structures”. Furthermore, a circular trait arrangement was a reasonable alternative, suggesting that traits can be meaningfully (re)classified based on their kind and their integrative centrality. Over-reliance on FA models might not be the most appropriate approach for a better understanding of personality. 相似文献
107.
华人人际关系的概念化--针对中国香港地区大学生的实证研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
以杨中芳所构建的华人人际关系概念化理论模型为蓝本,并采用以往的实证研究方法为基础,揭示了当代华人对人际关系如何进行概念化及其潜在的认知维度。杨氏模型认为华人人际关系主要由既定成分、情感成分和工具成分组成。该研究以中国香港地区的大学生为被试进行调查,首先采用访谈的形式,分家族、学校及日常生活情境建立人际关系清单。然后采用多维量法(Multi-dimensional scaling)处理被试对关系进行分类的数据。结果发现,在不同的生活情境中,被试均依据情感程度对关系进行分类。在等级差异明显的家族和学校情境中,被试依据辈份和等级差异的突显性进行分类;而在等级差异小的生活情境中,则采用功利程度为标准。本文对被试在不同情境中所采用的不同维度进行了讨论,并提出华人人际关系的义务具有工具性质的实证结果。 相似文献
108.
Thomas Augustin 《Psychometrika》2006,71(3):469-481
Stevens postulated that we can use the responses of a participant in a ratio scaling experiment directly to construct a psychophysical
function representing the participant's sensations. Although Stevens' methods of constructing measurement scales are widely
used in the behavioral sciences, the problem of which scale type is appropriate to describe ratio scaling data is still unresolved.
To deal with this problem, we develop a theoretical framework to specify the scale type attained by Stevens' direct scaling
methods. It is shown, under fairly mild background assumptions, that the behavioral axioms presented in this paper are necessary
and sufficient for the psychophysical functions to be ordinal-, interval-, log-interval-, or ratio-scales. Furthermore, suggestions
on how to test these behavioral axioms are provided.
Requests for reprints should be sent to thomas. 相似文献
109.
Matthew S. Johnson 《Psychometrika》2006,71(2):257-279
Unlike their monotone counterparts, nonparametric unfolding response models, which assume the item response function is unimodal,
have seen little attention in the psychometric literature. This paper studies the nonparametric behavior of unfolding models
by building on the work of Post (1992). The paper provides rigorous justification for a class of nonparametric estimators
of respondents’ latent attitudes by proving that the estimators consistently rank order the respondents. The paper also suggests
an algorithm for the rank ordering of items along the attitudes scale. Finally, the methods are evaluated using simulated
data.
This research was supported in part by an Educational Testing Service Gulliksen Fellowship, and by the National Science Foundation,
Grant DMS-97.05032. The author would like to thank Brian Junker for his help and support on this paper and Paul Holland, Steve
Fienberg, and Jay Kadane for their helpful comments. 相似文献
110.