Factor structure of the Child Attachment Interview

The aim of this study was to specify and test the factor structure of the Child Attachment Interview (CAI), by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA provides a continuous measure of attachment, and also an examination of the construct validity of this continuous approach. Analyses included 150 children aged 9–13, recruited from schools in Norway. The one factor-model “Security–Dismissal”, as well as a model including the supplementary factor “Preoccupation–Idealization”, fitted the data well. Individuals' scores based on these factors converged with the categorical attachment classifications, but added more information about individual differences within categories. The findings support the construct validity of this continuous approach to the CAI.     

Primary shame,mortal wound and tragic circularity: Some new reflections on shame and shame conflicts

Invited to contribute some thoughts on recent developments in psychoanalytic thinking about shame, the author starts off with Aristotle's prescient analysis of shame and then focuses on accumulating experiences in the psychoanalytic treatment of patients with severe neuroses, in particular the close relationship of severe traumatization and chronic states of shame, and how this is reflected in shelfdestructive repetitions. Reminiscent of what we know from tragedy and the tragic dimension of human existence, this repetition compulsion shows a built‐in circularity. These circular dynamics have at their core struggles with deep woundedness that can variably be conceived of as primary pain, primary shame and primary anxiety. Consequently, throughout the experiences with these patients goes the absoluteness both of their conscience and of their ideal, what we know as the “archaic superego:”     

Critical notice of Frank Jackson,from metaphysics to ethics: A defence of conceptual analysis

It is argued that the version of Hilary Putnam's model-theoretic argument developed by Barry Taylor in Models, Truth and Realism poses no threat to the realist claim that an ideal theory may be false.     

Self‐focused cognitive emotion regulation style as associated with widespread diminished EEG fractal dimension

The cognitive regulation of emotions is important for human adaptation. Self‐focused emotion regulation (ER) strategies have been linked to the development and persistence of anxiety and depression. A vast array of research has provided valuable knowledge about the neural correlates of the use of specific self‐focused ER strategies; however, the resting neural correlates of cognitive ER styles, which reflect an individual's disposition to engage in different forms of ER in order to manage distress, are largely unknown. In this study, associations between theoretically negative ER style (self‐focused or not) and the complexity (fractal dimension, FD) of the resting EEG at frontal, central, parietal, and occipital regions were investigated in 58 healthy volunteers. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire was used as the self‐report measure of ER style. Results showed that a diminished FD over the scalp significantly correlated with self‐focused ER style scores, even after controlling for negative affect, which has been also considered to influence the use of ER strategies. The lower the EEG FD, the higher were the self‐focused ER style scores. Correlational analyses of specific self‐focused ER strategies showed that self‐blaming and rumination were negatively associated with diminished FD of the EEG, but catastrophizing and blaming others were not. No significant correlations were found for ER strategies more focused on situation or others. Results are discussed within the self‐organized criticality theory of brain dynamics: The diminished FD of the EEG may reflect a disposition to engage in self‐focused ER strategies as people prone to ruminate and self‐blame show a less complex resting EEG activity, which may make it more difficult for them to exit their negative emotional state.     

Internet‐Based Self‐Help Versus One‐Session Exposure in the Treatment of Spider Phobia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The authors compared guided Internet‐delivered self‐help with one session of live‐exposure treatment in a sample of spider‐phobic patients. A total of 30 patients were included following screening on the Internet and a structured clinical interview. The Internet treatment consisted of five weekly text modules, which were presented on a web page, a video in which exposure was modelled, and support provided via Internet. The live‐exposure treatment was delivered in a 3‐hr session following a brief orientation session. The main outcome measure was the behavioural approach test (BAT), and as secondary measures the authors used questionnaires measuring anxiety symptoms and depression. Results showed that the groups did not differ at posttreatment or follow‐up, with the exception of the proportion showing clinically significant change on the BAT. At posttreatment 46.2% of the Internet group and 85.7% in the live‐exposure group achieved this change. At follow‐up the corresponding figures were 66.7% for the Internet group and 72.7% for the live treatment. Within‐group effect sizes for the spider phobia questionnaire were large (d = 1.84 and 2.58 for the Internet and live‐exposure groups, respectively, at posttreatment). The authors conclude that guided Internet‐delivered exposure treatment is a promising new approach in the treatment of spider phobia.     

A Mencian Version of Limited Democracy

The compatibility between Western democracy and other cultures, and the desirability of democracy, are two important problems in democratic theory. Following an insight from John Rawls’s later philosophy, and using some key passages in Mencius, I will show the compatibility between a ‘thin’ version of liberal democracy and Confucianism. Moreover, elaborating on Mencius’s ideas of the responsibility of government for the physical and moral well-being of the people, the respectability of the government and the ruling elite, and the competence-based limited political participation, I shall explore the Mencian criticisms of some ‘thick’ democratic ideas. Through the discussion in this paper, I hope to show the relevance of Confucianism to contemporary political philosophy and society.

创业精神模型的构思与测量研究进展

文章概括了创业精神的核心特征--创新性、冒险性和主动性,并将相关研究归纳为个体、组织和社会三个层面.文章在对创业精神构思的理论视角--特质观、胜任力观、文化观和社会网络观的评述基础上,总结了创业精神模型的维度及测量方法,并提出了未来研究方向.     

视觉注意瞬脱实验范式述评

视觉注意瞬脱是指在很短时间内(约500 ms)序列呈现两个目标刺激时,被试对第二个目标正确报告率显著下降的现象。近年来国外注意瞬脱实验研究渐成选择性注意研究领域的热点, 其实验范式疏理为两大类-- 单刺激序列RSVP范式和多刺激序列RSVP范式。综述对两类范式的诸多变式进行了分析与评估, 提出了影响注意瞬脱实验范式发展的四项实验因素和今后视觉注意瞬脱实验范式发展的五种趋势。