The loss‐bet paradox: Actuaries,accountants, and other numerate people rate numerically inferior gambles as superior

Psychologists have convincingly demonstrated that preferences are not always stable and, instead, are often “constructed” based on information available in the judgment or decision context. In 4 studies with experts (accountants and actuaries in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) and a diverse lay population (Studies 3 and 4), the evidence was consistent with the highly numerate being more likely than the less numerate to construct their preferences by rating a numerically inferior bet as superior (i.e., the bets effect). Thus, the effect generalizes beyond a college student sample, and preference construction differs by numeracy. Contrary to prior thinking about preference construction, however, high expertise and high ability (rather than low) consistently related to the paradoxical phenomenon. Results across studies including Study 3's experimental modifications of the task supported the hypothesized number comparison process (and not a lack of expertise with monetary outcomes and probabilities or numeracy‐related differences in attention to numbers) as the effect's underlying cause. The bets effect was not attenuated by Study 4's instructions to think about what would be purchased with bet winnings. Task results combined with free‐response coding supported the notion that highly numerate participants have a systematic and persistent inclination for doing simple and complex number operations that drive their judgments (even after controlling for nonnumeric intelligence). Implications for 3 types of dual‐process theories are discussed. The results were inconsistent with default‐interventionist theories, consistent or unclear with respect to fuzzy trace theory, and consistent with interactive theories.     

学制——我国医学教育的困惑与出路

目前我国医学教育层次繁多,学制较为混乱,已成为阻碍医学教育改革的重要因素。在《本科医学教育全球标准》及我国住院医师规划化培训均已启动和实施的背景下,医学教育国际化和住院医师规范化培训均对我国医学教育提出了更高要求。逐步统一医学教育学制,是继续深化医学教育变革的出路之一。     

认知控制子成分与客观风险对信任行为的影响

研究通过三个实验,在控制客观风险高低的同时,分别对刺激—反应一致性、任务转换和工作记忆负载进行操纵。结果发现,抑制控制在反应时上表现出差异,刺激—反应一致条件下被试做出信任的反应时更快;认知灵活性和工作记忆刷新在信任率上表现出差异,不转换条件和低工作记忆负载条件下被试的信任率更高。结果表明,抑制控制主要影响反应组织过程,认知灵活性和工作记忆刷新则会影响个体的信任决策过程。此外,客观风险对信任行为的影响表现出跨情境一致性,低风险条件下信任率更高。     

Transference, the transcendent function, and transcendence

People in analysis come into direct contact with the transcendent – that which surpasses not only our ego consciousness but the whole psyche – through the transcendent function working in the transference–countertransference field. Reductive and synthetic methods of interpretation of transference, in both objective and subjective levels of meaning, inaugurate moving the ego out of center stage into the process of relating to the Self. The transcendent function is the means of enlarging psychic space in the transference field to make room for coinciding opposites and a 'creative solution' that arises from their conversation. That solution, or set of symbols, addresses us with such compelling authority that Jung likens it to 'the voice of God', A clinical case illustrates the connection of transference, the transcendent function, and the experience of the transcendent which, I believe, we must identify as such in order to go on relating to it.     

Cognitive assessment: A multibehavior-multimethod-multiperspective approach

Clarifying methodological and assessment issues is fundamental to the further development of cognitive-behavioral approaches. The present work examines potential method confounds in several cognitive assessment techniques (e.g., self-statement inventories, postperformance videotape reconstruction) in light of social psychological research on objective self-awareness. On the basis of this analysis, a conceptual framework is proposed to organize research on the assessment of clinical cognition.     

Linked arguments and the validity requirement

In this paper I demonstrate that most textbook accounts of the linked/convergent distinction fail to conform to the widespread intuition that all valid arguments ought to be classified as linked arguments. I also show that standard textbook accounts of linkage and convergence cannot provide a satisfactory treatment of fallacies of irrelevance and, due to their general insensitivity to the epistemic context in which arguments are offered, must be supplemented by subjective accounts of linkage and convergence which appeal exclusively to authorial beliefs and intentions.Drafts of this paper were read at the Ontario Philosophical Society meeting held at Trent University in October 1990 and the Central Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association held in Chicago in April 1991. I thank Trudy Govier, Hans Hansen and an anonymous referee for helpful and encouraging comments on various drafts.     

疾病难治原因面面观——一个临床医生的体会

疾病的治疗有难有易,而造成疾病难治的因素也是多样性的,有主观因素和客观因素之分。客观因素是指不依赖于医务人员主观意识而客观存在的情况和事实,主要是病情、患者、治疗的特点造成的难治。而主观因素是指医务人员的认识和决定,具体来说是由于医务人员的素质、能力、知识缺陷造成对临床资料的处置、病情评估或药学评估的不当所引起的难治。...     

鼻咽癌患者调强放疗与常规放疗毒副反应对比研究

探讨鼻咽癌患者常规放射治疗(CRT)与调强放射治疗(IMRT)的疗效和常见副反应,为鼻咽癌患者放疗方法选择提供科学依据.选取2010年11月至2013年5月行CRT和IMRT的初治鼻咽癌患者共56例,比较IMRT和CRT组的急性毒性反应和晚期放射性损伤.IMRT组和CRT组在局部复发和远处转移方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),常见急性毒性反应如:口干、吞咽疼痛、听力下降、皮肤和黏膜反应的发生率CRT组高于IMRT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);晚期损伤中口干、皮肤纤维化发生、吞咽困难等方面CRT组高于IMRT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而在视力下降和脑损伤的发生等方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与CRT技术相比较,IMRT技术能够有效减少急性毒副反应和晚期损伤的发生率,可提高患者生活质量(QOL).     

鼻咽癌患者调强放疗与常规放疗毒副反应对比研究

探讨鼻咽癌患者常规放射治疗（CRT）与调强放射治疗（IMRT）的疗效和常见副反应,为鼻咽癌患者放疗方法选择提供科学依据.选取2010年11月至2013年5月行CRT和IMRT的初治鼻咽癌患者共56例,比较IMRT和CRT组的急性毒性反应和晚期放射性损伤.IMRT组和CRT组在局部复发和远处转移方面,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,常见急性毒性反应如：口干、吞咽疼痛、听力下降、皮肤和黏膜反应的发生率CRT组高于IMRT组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;晚期损伤中口干、皮肤纤维化发生、吞咽困难等方面CRT组高于IMRT组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而在视力下降和脑损伤的发生等方面,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.与CRT技术相比较,IMRT技术能够有效减少急性毒副反应和晚期损伤的发生率,可提高患者生活质量（QOL）.     

FALSIFIABILITY AND TRACTION IN THEORIES OF DIVINE ACTION

One of the most focused research programs in the science‐religion dialogue that has taken place up to the present is the series of volumes published jointly by the Vatican Observatory and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences. Originating with the encouragement of Pope John Paul II, this series has produced seven volumes focusing on how divine action can be understood in light of contemporary science. A retrospective volume published in 2008, Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action: Twenty Years of Challenge and Progress, contains articles reviewing the series as a whole. In this article I analyze the series as a whole as well as some of the pivotal problems discussed throughout the series, such as the zero‐sum game, scientific “traction,” falsifiability in theories of divine action, and locating special divine action in the physical world.