整体/局部加工中的半球功能不对称效应

20世纪末的研究证据显示,对Navon等级刺激的整体/局部加工中半球功能不对称效应发生在早期还是晚期阶段,研究者存在着争论。近期的电生理和功能成像研究资料表明,整体/局部加工的半球不对称效应可能是一个受到多种因素调节的复杂动态系统;早期信息表征的半球功能不对称效应可能主要受知觉因素的影响,而注意控制和反应冲突可能主要调节晚期知觉加工的半球功能不对称     

中学教师的工作满意度状况及其相关因素

采用"明尼苏达满意度问卷(MSQ)",对北京地区有代表性的5所中学557名教师的工作满意度状况进行了调查,结果表明,中学教师对工作总体上是满意的;人口统计学变量中的年龄、学历、职称、职务等在工作满意度具有显著的差异,但是性别因素的差异不大.     

Individual Resiliency Factors from a Genetic Perspective: Results from a Twin Study

This article is part of the Twin Mother's Study, a study that examines influences on maternal adjustment. A number of studies have investigated the importance of genetic factors for mental health, but few of these examine how genes and the environment influence resiliency/salutogenic factors. This article investigates the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on resiliency/salutogenic factors. This study includes 326 twin pairs (150 monozygotic and 176 dizygotic) who are mothers, who are living with their spouse, and who are part of the Swedish twin register. Using self‐report structured questionnaires, we assessed salutogenic factors, depression, and quality of life; however, we analyzed the questionnaires completed by the mothers. Statistical analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. We conclude that nonshared environmental components were of principal importance in individual resiliency/salutogenic factors in a genetically informative design, but we also noted that genetic influences were important. The shared environment had mainly no effect.     

白细胞介素-6和胎盘生长因子对子痫前期影响的研究

为探讨影响子痫前期患者发病的因素,对照性检测了子痫前期患者羊水中白细胞介素-6和胎盘中胎盘生长因子的变化。结果显示：子痫前期患者白细胞介素-6和胎盘生长因子均明显下降,且二者下降水平呈高度正相关。故联合检测白细胞介素-6和胎盘生长因子将对评估子痫前期的病情及指导临床决策具有重要意义。     

剖宫产产后抑郁的发生与社会支持、应对方式及防御方式的相关性

了解剖宫产产后抑郁的发生与社会支持、应对方式及防御方式的相关性,对剖宫产患者进行抑郁状况的调查,并对其影响因素进行分析。对抑郁组与非抑郁组的一般情况构成比比较,并采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、应付方式评定量表（YFFS）、社会支持问卷（ISSI）、防御方式问卷（DSQ）进行测评。社会支持、应对方式及防御方式对产后抑郁的发生均产生一定作用。应付方式、社会支持及防御方式是影响剖宫产患者产后抑郁的重要因素。     

Staying or returning: Pre‐migration influences on the migration process of German migrants to New Zealand

Changes in migrants' backgrounds and societies sending and receiving migrants might increase adaptation issues and reduce retention. To enhance migrants' well‐being/health and their likelihood of staying it is necessary to gain an understanding of psychological and social factors that contribute to resilience and adaptation. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study that investigated the experiences, interpretations and actions of German migrant couples to New Zealand throughout the whole migration process to identify these factors. In depth, episodic interviews were conducted with four couples who decided to stay in New Zealand and four couples who decided to return to Germany. Interview data were complemented with participant observation. This paper provides insights into how the pre‐migration experiences, interpretations and actions of German migrants to New Zealand influenced their establishment, their interpretations and actions and consequently adaptation, well‐being/health and the decision whether to stay in New Zealand or to return to Germany. The findings illuminate the influence of psychological and social factors on migration experiences, interpretations and actions throughout the migration process. The paper offers some solutions for addressing the identified barriers to successful migration and integration into host societies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Socioeconomic Differences in Psychosocial Factors Contributing to Coronary Heart Disease: A Review

Psychosocial factors have been shown to play an important role in the aetiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). A strong association between CHD and socioeconomic status (lower-level education, poor financial situation) has also been well established. Socioeconomic differences may thus also have an effect on psychosocial risk factors associated with CHD, and socioeconomic disadvantage may negatively affect the later prognosis and quality of life of cardiac patients. The aim of this study was to review the available evidence on socioeconomic differences in psychosocial factors which specifically contribute to CHD. A computer-aided search of the Medline and PsycINFO databases resulted in 301 articles in English published between 1994 and 2007. A comprehensive screening process identified 12 empirical studies which described the socioeconomic differences in CHD risk factors. A review of these studies showed that socioeconomic status (educational grade, occupation or income) was adversely associated with psychosocial factors linked to CHD. This association was evident in the case of hostility and depression. Available studies also showed a similar trend with respect to social support, perception of health and lack of optimism. Less consistent were the results related to anger and perceived stress levels. Socioeconomic disadvantage seems to be an important element influencing the psychosocial factors related to CHD, thus, a more comprehensive clarification of associations between these factors might be useful. More studies are needed, focused not only on well-known risk factors such as depression and hostility, but also on some lesser known psychosocial factors such as Type D and vital exhaustion and their role in CHD.     

石河子市剖宫产患者产后抑郁状况调查及影响因素分析

为了了解剖宫产患者产后抑郁的发生情况,对剖宫产患者进行抑郁状况的调查,并对其影响因素进行分析,对抑郁组与非抑郁组的一般情况构成比比较,并采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、应付方式评定量表（YFFS）、社会支持问卷（ISSI）进行测评。结果显示,应付方式评定量表中的主观支持（P〈0．05）,社会支持问卷中退避倾向性进入回归方程,提示应付方式及社会支持是影响剖宫产患者产后抑郁的重要因素。     

Adult modelling facilitates young children's generation of novel pretend acts

The present work investigated the effect of modelling on children's pretend play behaviour. Thirty‐seven children aged between 27 and 41 months were given 4 min of free play with a dollhouse and associated toy props (pre‐modelling phase). Using dolls, an experimenter then acted out a series of vignettes involving object substitutions, imaginary play and attribution of properties. Children were subsequently provided with an additional 4 min free play (post‐modelling phase). Consistent with past research, more pretence was exhibited after modelling than before. Furthermore, in the post‐modelling phase, children were as likely to generate their own novel pretence as they were to copy the actions demonstrated by the experimenter. They also increased the number of novel symbolic acts involving imaginary play from the pre‐ to the post‐modelling phase. This study highlights how young children will not only imitate a model's demonstration of pretend acts but also use this demonstration to catalyze the creation of their own pretence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维物体识别的心理表征：角度依赖还是角度独立

“物体识别是角度独立还是角度依赖”的问题一直存在着争议。以物体为中心理论认为是角度独立, 以观察者为中心理论认为是角度依赖。研究参照物体识别的“小几何体”思想自制实验材料, 采用启动范式, 在两个实验中通过考察结构信息和视图信息对物体识别的影响, 揭示物体识别的心理表征。结果发现: (1)形状信息和类别空间关系信息影响物体识别, 表明以物体为中心理论对物体识别表征机制解释的合理性; (2)角度信息可能独立于形状信息表征, 深度旋转方式下的识别成绩优于平面旋转, 表明以观察者为中心理论能够更好地解释三维物体识别的深度旋转现象。研究结果为物体识别理论的融合提供了实证依据。