Pylyshyn的索引理论：视觉表征方式的新解释

视觉索引理论是解释人类表征外部世界的一种新理论。首先回顾了索引理论的产生背景,在此基础上阐述索引理论的基本假设以及在不同范式下如多客体追踪、线条错觉运动、前概念选择和感数与计数分离研究所提供的证据。接着,简介其在特殊教育、人机交互和语言学领域的应用。最后,针对新近研究引发对索引理论基本假设的争论如前注意加工是否涉及注意资源、索引阶段对特征信息和时空信息加工的分离等,提出相关研究建议。     

Criterion knowledge: A moderator of using the recognition heuristic?

The recognition heuristic (RH) claims that people base inferences on recognition only. This has been questioned by several studies which found that additional knowledge was influential. However, in some of these studies, participants' additional knowledge might have encompassed criterion knowledge thus rendering any inferential strategy superfluous. The present study was therefore designed to test the effect of criterion knowledge on use or non‐use of the RH. Eighty‐one participants made pair‐wise comparisons with respect to the size of Belgian cities and also provided estimates of the cities' actual size. We found that relative criterion knowledge (i.e., knowledge about the relative position of an object on the criterion dimension) did indeed play some role, but its exclusion left the main critical findings intact, nonetheless. We thus conclude that previous studies conducted in the paradigm of natural recognition should not be generally refuted by the argument of participants possessing criterion knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The self, the psyche and the world: a phenomenological interpretation

Abstract :  This paper takes as its starting point Jung's definition of the self as the totality of the psyche. However, because the term psyche remains conceptually unclear the concept of the self as totality, origin and goal, even centre, remains vague. With reference to Heidegger's analysis of human being as  Dasein , as well as Jung's writings, it is argued that Jung's concept of psyche is not a synonym for mind but is the world in which we live psychologically. An understanding of the psyche as existentially situated requires us to rethink some features of the self. For instance, the self as origin is thus not a pre-existential integrate of pure potentiality but the original gathering of existence in which, and out of which, personal identity is constituted. The ego emerges out of the self as the development and ownership of aspects of an existence that is already situated and gathered. Relations between the ego and the self are about what is known, or admitted, and its relation with what is already being lived within the gathering that is existence. The self as psyche, origin, and centre are discussed, as well as the meaning of interiority. Epistemological assumptions of object relations theory are critically discussed. The paper also includes critical discussions of recent papers on the self.     

DISCREPANCY IN FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESULTS ACROSS TWO SETTINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION DESIGN

Functional analyses that were conducted in two settings (playground and classroom) indicated that problem behavior was sensitive to adult attention on the playground and tangible items in the classroom. Attention‐ and tangible‐based interventions were designed based on the results from each of the assessment environments and were compared. The attention‐based intervention was more effective on the playground, and the tangible‐based intervention was more effective in the classroom. Findings are discussed in regards to the generality of functional analysis results across environments.     

The effect of inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds’ recognition of face and nonface visual objects

This study compared the effect of stimulus inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds’ recognition of faces and two nonface object categories matched with faces for a number of attributes: shoes (Experiment 1) and frontal images of cars (Experiments 2 and 3). The inversion effect was present for faces but not shoes at 3 years of age (Experiment 1). Analogous results were found for boys when faces were compared with frontal images of cars. For girls, stimulus inversion impaired recognition of both faces and cars at 3 to 4 years of age, becoming specific to faces only at 5 years of age (Experiments 2 and 3). Evidence demonstrates that the ability to extract the critical cues that lead to adults’ efficient face recognition is selectively tuned to faces during preschool years.     

话语共识:后形而上学社会的实质正义标准

在后形而上学社会中,正义标准因传统形而上学基础的丧失而困境重重。哈贝马斯提出的话语理论的正义观只关注正义的形式,而不涉及到正义的实质内容,更不涉及实质正义的标准。正义是形式与内容的统一,在话语形式中达成的共识,就是内容,也是后形而上学社会的实质正义标准。     

When less is more: An exploration of psychoanalytically oriented hospital‐based treatment for severe personality disorder4

This paper discusses the main findings of a prospective study based at the Cassel Hospital, a centre dedicated to the psychoanalytically informed residential treatment of severe personality disorders. The results‐showing that significantly greater improvements on a number of outcome indicators were found in patients exposed to the psychoanalytically informed treatment programmes compared to a general psychiatric approach based on management and pharmacotherapy alone‐underscores the importance and the centrality of the psychoanalytic input in the treatment of severe personality disorders. However, the results of the study also suggested that some features of long‐term hospital treatment might carry the risk of iatrogenic and anti‐therapeutic effects for a sub‐group of patients with severe borderline core pathology. The authors present the clinical and psychodynamic implications of the study results based on an understanding of the internal and interpersonal mode of functioning of borderline patients.     

A new formulation of the Principle of Indifference

The idea of a probabilistic logic of inductive inference based on some form of the principle of indifference has always retained a powerful appeal. However, up to now all modifications of the principle failed. In this paper, a new formulation of such a principle is provided that avoids generating paradoxes and inconsistencies. Because of these results, the thesis that probabilities cannot be logical quantities, determined in an objective way through some form of the principle of indifference, is no longer supportable. Later, the paper investigates some implications of the new principle of indifference. To conclude, a re-examination of the foundations of the so-called objective Bayesian inference is called for.     

Newton Algorithms for Analytic Rotation: an Implicit Function Approach

In this paper implicit function-based parameterizations for orthogonal and oblique rotation matrices are proposed. The parameterizations are used to construct Newton algorithms for minimizing differentiable rotation criteria applied to m factors and p variables. The speed of the new algorithms is compared to that of existing algorithms and to that of Newton algorithms based on alternative parameterizations. Several rotation criteria were examined and the algorithms were evaluated over a range of values for m. Initial guesses for Newton algorithms were improved by subconvergence iterations of the gradient projection algorithm. Simulation results suggest that no one algorithm is fastest for minimizing all criteria for all values of m. Among competing algorithms, the gradient projection algorithm alone was faster than the implicit function algorithm for minimizing a quartic criterion over oblique rotation matrices when m is large. In all other conditions, however, the implicit function algorithms were competitive with or faster than the fastest existing algorithms. The new algorithms showed the greatest advantage over other algorithms when minimizing a nonquartic component loss criterion.