Changing Me,Changing Us: Relationship Quality and Collective Efficacy as Major Outcomes in Systemic Couple Therapy

We examine the sensitivity to change in the Evaluation of Social Systems (EVOS) scale, which assesses relationship quality and collective efficacy. In Study 1 we conducted a waitlist‐control, short‐term couple therapy RCT study (N = 43 couples) with five systemic therapy sessions treating communication and partnership problems; our intent was to provide high external validity. Construct validity of EVOS was assessed by comparison with additionally applied scales (Family Scales; Outcome Questionnaire, OQ‐45.2). In Study 2, N = 332 individuals completed an experiment with high internal validity in order to verify sensitivity to change in three different social contexts. Results from Study 1 revealed a significant increase in relationship quality in the treatment group directly after treatment, as compared to the control group. Sensitivity to change was slightly better for EVOS than for other measures. While this positive change could not be fully sustained between posttreatment and a 4‐week follow‐up, EVOS score did not fall below baseline and pretreatment levels, supporting moderate‐to‐large sensitivity to change. Study 2 supported high sensitivity to change in EVOS for couple relations, family relations, and work‐team relationships. Therefore, EVOS can be used as an outcome measure to monitor the process of systemic interventions focusing on relationship quality and collective efficacy. Due to its sensitivity to change, EVOS can provide evidence for treatment success with regard to relationship aspects.     

La explicación intencional: acciones,metas, representaciones

Resumen

En este artículo establecemos una tajante distinción entre explicación causal e intencional, sobre la base de sus relaciones temporales vistas desde una perspectiva pragmática. La explicación causal es determinística y se centra en acontecimientos («objetos») del pasado; en cambio, la explicación intencional se centra en el futuro, está abierta a la incertidumbre y se vincula a funciones y usos («interpretantes»), debiendo ser considerada una subclase de las explicaciones teleológicas y funcionales. El marco observacional para una explicación intencional es una secuencia triádica donde las condiciones previas de la acción intencional vienen seguidas por esta misma acción la cual, a su vez, precede una meta, ejecutiva o de estado. Se discuten los criterios operacionales para la acción intencional a lo largo de diversas dimensiones de direccionalidad a meta. Argüimos también que la explicación intencional no debe relacionarse con las representacionales intencionales en general, sino sólo con las intenciones, definiendo estas últimas como representaciones de meta en la mente de un sujeto. Bajo este punto de vista sugerimos que este tipo de explicación debe fundamentarse en el terreno de los comportamientos de engaño.     

Densidad,delincuencia y diseño: Control formal e informal y ambiente edificado

Resumen

Este trabajo revisa la literatura acerca del impacto general del ambiente físico sobre la desorganización social, el crimen y la delincuencia juvenil, centrándose más específicamente en la relación de la densidad por vivienda, la densidad en el diseño del edificio y la delincuencia juvenil. Se muestra que en el contexto ambiental se han desarrollado dos perspectivas de control. Una destaca la capacidad de impedir el control social informal del medio edificado, y la otra, la atracción que ejerce este mismo ambiente sobre los agentes de control social formal (la policía). Se presenta un modelo de senderos que muestra que la densidad en el diseño de los edificios predice de modo independiente el consumo de marihuana y apoya la noción de que el ambiente físico puede afectar al control informal. El modelo muestra también que la densidad en el diseño del edificio predice de modo significativo la presencia de la policía, ofreciendo así un apoyo empírico a la noción de que el ambiente físico puede afectar al control formal.     

Psychology and social control

The history of social control applications of psychology and the likelihood of a future increase in their importance are assessed. The effects of military funding of psychological research and the social consequences of very widespread unemployment are specifically considered. It is argued that psychology and related areas of cognitive science and neuroscience may well become increasingly relevant in the development of the technical components of such techniques rather than in providing ideological justifications for their use.     

Parents' and preschool children's choices of disciplinary childrearing methods

Forty preschoolers individually were shown a videotape containing six 30-second scenes depicting common parent/child conflicts. The children were asked to tell the experimenter what they would do if they were the parent on the tape, and what their own parents would do if this happened at home. In addition, 15 mothers of these children were selected randomly to view the same scenes and to indicate their choice of conflict resolution methods. Taped responses of parents and children were then coded as verbal/physical coercion or no coercion. Results indicated that preschoolers tended to choose disciplinary actions in accordance with their perceptions of their parents' manner of dealing with the same situation, and also revealed a high congruence between parent and child on consequences for discipline. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the development of childrearing methods at an early age and the intergenerational transmission of family violence.     

Effects of imaginal exposure to feared disasters in obsessive-compulsive checkers

The combined effects of imaginal exposure to feared catastrophes and in vivo exposure to external stimuli were compared with the effects of in vivo exposure alone in 15 obsessive-compulsives with checking rituals. The first group received 90 min of uninterrupted exposure in imagination, which concentrated mainly on disastrous consequences, followed by 30 min of exposure in vivo to stimuli-situations which triggered rituals. The second group was given 2 hr of exposure in vivo only. Both groups were prevented from performing rituals. Treatment consisted of 10 daily sessions within a 2 week period.Assessments were conducted before and after treatment and at follow-up ranging from 3 months to 2.5 yr with a mean of 11 months. At post-treatment both groups improved considerably and did not differ. But at follow-up those who received imaginal and in vivo exposure maintained their gains, whereas the group who were treated by exposure in vivo alone evidenced partial relapse on four of the six dependent measures. The results tend to indicate that a closer match between a patient's internal fear model and the content of exposure enhances long term treatment efficacy.     

Habituation of subjective anxiety during flooding in imagery

Patterns of habituation of subjective anxiety during flooding in fantasy are delineated for eleven obsessive-compulsive and six agoraphobic patients. The majority showed a curvilinear pattern of subjective anxiety response, while three patients showed a linear decelerating pattern. Habituation was found both within and across sessions. The results are compared with habituation patterns in physiological responses during flooding in fantasy and in vivo.     

MEASUREMENT OF FATHER–CHILD ROUGH‐AND‐TUMBLE PLAY AND ITS RELATIONS TO CHILD BEHAVIOR

Although there is increasing evidence of paternal influence on child outcomes such as language and cognition, researchers are not yet clear on the features of father–child play that are most valuable in terms of child development. Physical play such as rough and tumble play (RTP) is a favored type of father–child play in Western societies that has been linked to children's socioemotional competence. It is important, therefore, to determine the implications of this play for child development. In this review and meta‐analysis, associations between father–child physical play and child behavior were examined. The review also focused on study methods. Sixteen studies are reviewed, N = 1,521 father–child dyads, 35% boys. Study characteristics such as definitions of physical play, play settings, play measures, and coding were examined. The meta‐analysis found weak to moderate population effects for links between father–child physical play and child aggression, social competence, emotional skills, and self‐regulation. Research investigating the effect of father–child physical play on children's development will be improved when definitions clearly identify the nature of play, settings facilitate boisterous play, and measures include frequency and quality of play interactions. This play shows promise as an enhancer of positive father–child relationships and a catalyst for child development.