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排序方式: 共有512条查询结果,搜索用时 7 毫秒
81.
In this paper, we describe a new algorithmic approach for parameter estimation in Ratcliff's [(1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85 (2), 59-108] diffusion model. This problem, especially if inter-trial variabilities of parameters are included in the model, is computationally very expensive; the parameter estimation procedure often takes a long time even with today's high-speed computers. The algorithm described here makes the calculation of the cumulative distribution functions for predicted process durations computationally much less expensive. This improvement is achieved by solving the Kolmogorov backward equation numerically instead of employing the previously used closed form solution. Additionally, the algorithm can determine the optimum fit for one of the model parameters (the starting point z) directly, thereby reducing the dimension of the parameter search space by one. The resulting method is shown to be notably faster than the standard (closed-form solution) method for parameter estimation. 相似文献
82.
Rick Grush 《Synthese》2006,153(3):417-450
A number of recent attempts to bridge Husserlian phenomenology of time consciousness and contemporary tools and results from cognitive science or computational neuroscience are described and critiqued. An alternate proposal is outlined that lacks the weaknesses of existing accounts. 相似文献
83.
Russell H. Tuttle 《Zygon》2006,41(1):139-168
Abstract. I selectively and critically review the state of knowledge about human evolution and the place of humans vis‐à‐vis living apes, with emphasis on bipedal posture and locomotion, expansion of the brain and associated cognitive capacities, speech, tool behavior, culture, and society. I end with a personal perspective on God and Heaven. 相似文献
84.
从竹简看所谓数字卦问题 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
关于所谓数字卦的说法,从1978年张政烺先生提出后,逐渐成为一种公认的说法。然而从竹简发现来看,数字卦说法是错误的。组成这些所谓数字卦的符号,并不是数字。对竹简易卦符号的研究,应注意区别经文与实占,经文只用卦画,而实占则可能用到记四象的符号。 相似文献
85.
Learning environmental biases is a rational behavior: by using prior odds, Bayesian networks rapidly became a benchmark in machine learning. Moreover, a growing body of evidence now suggests that humans are using base rate information. Unsupervised connectionist networks are used in computer science for machine learning and in psychology to model human cognition, but it is unclear whether they are sensitive to prior odds. In this paper, we show that hard competitive learners are unable to use environmental biases while recurrent associative memories use frequency of exemplars and categories independently. Hence, it is concluded that recurrent associative memories are more useful than hard competitive networks to model human cognition and have a higher potential in machine learning. 相似文献
86.
Narrow Window theory, suggested by Y. Kareev ten years ago, has so far focused on one central implication of the limited capacity of working memory on intuitive correlation estimation, namely, overestimation of the distal population correlation. This paper points to additional and perhaps more dramatic implications due to the large dispersion of intuitive estimates: (a) large estimation errors, possibly causing overestimation of negligible rhos, misses of strong rhos, and distorted hierarchies of the rhos between different pairs of variables; and (b) large interpersonal differences in the estimation of any given rho and highly incongruent hierarchies of estimated correlations between different pairs of variables. These implications impede both individuals' adaptation to the empirical world and communication among themselves. 相似文献
87.
使用单任务研究程序,采用引入提示线索的方法,以产生时距作为反应指标对存在间断的时距估计任务中的间断期望效应和提示线索效应(注意效应)进行系统考察,并对间断时距的效应、产生时距与等待时距的关系问题作出进一步探讨。结果表明,间断位置(等待时距)因素是被试时间判断的主要线索,被试的产生时距随着等待时距的增加而延长。间断实验中表现出极其显著的提示线索效应,此效应既增加了时距估计的变异,又延长了被试的时距估计。无间断实验条件下,被试表现出显著的间断期望效应,被试对间断的期望有损于时间估计。 相似文献
88.
Abstract: In test operations using IRT (item response theory), items are included in a test before being used to rate subjects and the response data is used to estimate their item parameters. However, this method of test operation may lead to item content leakage and an adequate test operation can become difficult. To address this problem, Ozaki and Toyoda (2005, 2006 ) developed item difficulty parameter estimation methods that use paired comparison data from the perspective of the difficulty of items as judged by raters familiar with the field. In the present paper, an improved method of item difficulty parameter estimation is developed. In this new method, an item for which the difficulty parameter is to be estimated is compared with multiple items simultaneously, from the perspective of their difficulty. This is not a one-to-one comparison but a one-to-many comparison. In the comparisons, raters are informed that items selected from an item pool are ordered according to difficulty. The order will provide insight to improve the accuracy of judgment. 相似文献
89.
A method is presented for marginal maximum likelihood estimation of the nonlinear random coefficient model when the response
function has some linear parameters. This is done by writing the marginal distribution of the repeated measures as a conditional
distribution of the response given the nonlinear random effects. The resulting distribution then requires an integral equation
that is of dimension equal to the number of nonlinear terms. For nonlinear functions that have linear coefficients, the improvement
in computational speed and accuracy using the new algorithm can be dramatic. An illustration of the method with repeated measures
data from a learning experiment is presented. 相似文献
90.
Recent assessments have shown that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees and other Old World primate species, are sensitive to
quantitative differences between sets of visible stimuli. In the present study, we examined capuchins’ performance in a more
sophisticated quantity judgment task that required the ability to form representations of food quantities while viewing the
quantities only one piece at a time. In three experiments, we presented monkeys with the choice between two sets of discrete
homogeneous food items and allowed the monkeys to consume the set of their choice. In Experiments 1 and 2, monkeys compared
an entirely visible food set to a second set, presented item-by-item into an opaque container. All monkeys exhibited high
accuracy in choosing the larger set, even when the entirely visible set was presented last, preventing the use of one-to-one
item correspondence to compare quantities. In Experiment 3, monkeys compared two sets that were each presented item-by-item
into opaque containers, but at different rates to control for temporal cues. Some monkeys performed well in this experiment,
though others exhibited near-chance performance, suggesting that this species’ ability to form representations of food quantities
may be limited compared to previously tested species such as chimpanzees. Overall, these findings support the analog magnitude
model of quantity representation as an explanation for capuchin monkeys’ quantification of sequentially presented food items.
相似文献
Theodore A. EvansEmail: |