规范伦理学之本体论质疑——海德格尔存在主义的视角

上世纪 6 0年代规范伦理学的复归是伦理学理论的一个发展 ,从存在主义的角度看 ,规范伦理学必然会碰到这样一些理论困境 :道德规范的根源如何确认 ?道德规范的确证是否可能 ?道德规范的约束力如何保证 ?道德规范如何适用于人之外的世界 ?     

Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: a longitudinal analysis

The relationship between exposure to violent electronic games and aggressive cognitions and behavior was examined in a longitudinal study. A total of 295 German adolescents completed the measures of violent video game usage, endorsement of aggressive norms, hostile attribution bias, and physical as well as indirect/relational aggression cross‐sectionally, and a subsample of N=143 was measured again 30 months later. Cross‐sectional results at T1 showed a direct relationship between violent game usage and aggressive norms, and an indirect link to hostile attribution bias through aggressive norms. In combination, exposure to game violence, normative beliefs, and hostile attribution bias predicted physical and indirect/relational aggression. Longitudinal analyses using path analysis showed that violence exposure at T1 predicted physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression 30 months later, whereas aggression at T1 was unrelated to later video game use. Exposure to violent games at T1 influenced physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression at T2 via an increase of aggressive norms and hostile attribution bias. The findings are discussed in relation to social‐cognitive explanations of long‐term effects of media violence on aggression. Aggr. Behav. 35:75–89, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Factor Structure of the Reasons for Attempting Suicide Questionnaire (RASQ) with Suicide Attempters

A sample of 134 suicide attempters completed the Reasons for Attempting Suicide Questionnaire (RASQ). Maximum likelihood factor and principal components analyses confirmed the multidimensionality of the RASQ, with two-component and three-factor models each receiving support. Scales from these competing multidimensional RASQ models demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability. For the two-component model, two previously developed scales demonstrated differential validity with suicide indices. It is concluded that the RASQ has at least two dimensions, and it is recommended that the RASQ be scored for two scales: Internal Perturbation-Based Reasons and Extrapunitive/Manipulative Motivations.     

Formal and informal referent groups: an exploration of novices and experts in maternity services

Different social groups place varying emphasis on the importance of referent input. While referent groups are recognised as having a significant influence on purchase behaviour, attitude formation and information processing, the extent to which referent groups are a determinant in decision making is yet to be fully explored. Considering novice and expert users of the maternity services, this paper focuses on the significance of referent groups for women during the maternity process. This research produced interesting results, not least that novice and expert users, resident in lower ACORN areas are dependent on informal referent groups while novice users, resident in higher ACORN areas, are influenced by formal referent groups when making decisions regarding their care. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications.     

The Dilemma of Normativity: How to Interpret a Rational Reconstruction?

In modern argument theory argumentative practice is often analyzed and evaluated in terms of its correspondences with or deviations from a normative model. Such a methodology implies that there are three moments at which evaluations takes place which are not guided by the norms of the model itself because they imply an interpretation of the model by the analyst. This is demonstrated by an analogy with legal practice. this implies that an evaluation of an argumentative practice is not only relative to choice of the normative model as such, but also relative to the threefold interpretation of the model.     

Justice and desert-based emotions

A number of contemporary philosophers have pointed out that justice is not primarily an intellectual virtue, grounded in abstract, detached beliefs, but rather an emotional virtue, grounded in certain beliefs and desires that are compelling and deeply embedded in human nature. As a complex emotional virtue, justice seems to encompass, amongst other things, certain desert-based emotions that are developmentally and morally important for an understanding of justice. This article explores the philosophical reasons for the rising interest in desert-based emotions and offers a conceptual overview of some common emotions of this sort having to do with the fortunes of others and of oneself, respectively. The article does not give a definitive answer to the question of whether those emotions really are virtuous, but aims at enriching our understanding of what kind of virtue they might possibly represent.     

防御性医疗动因及干预策略

本文重点阐述了防御性医疗的概念及特点,分析了防御性医疗之动因,最后提出防御性医疗的干预策略,包括加强医务人员职业道德教育,提高人文服务水平;加强社会宣传,提升医务人员形象;加强沟通,重建医患信任关系;强化内部管理,建立风险应对机制;完善医疗法律法规,积极构建法制环境下的现代医学模式。     

Analytical Dispositionalism and Practical Reason

The paper examines the plausibility of analytical dispositionalism about practical reason, according to which the following claims are conceptual truths about common sense ethical discourse: i) Ethics: agents have reasons to act in some ways rather than others, and ii) Metaphysical Modesty: there is no such thing as a response independent normative reality. By elucidating two uncontroversial assumptions which are fundamental to the common sense commitment to ethics, I argue that common sense ethical discourse is most plausibly construed as committed to the denial of metaphysical modesty, and thereby as committed to the existence of a response independent normative reality.