Knowledge of Memory Aging Across the Lifespan

ABSTRACT. The authors examined knowledge of normal and pathological memory aging in a lifespan sample of 198 individuals who ranged in age from 13 to 88 years. Participants completed the Knowledge of Memory Aging Questionnaire (Cherry, Brigman, Hawley, & Reese, 2003). The authors hypothesized that high school students would be less knowledgeable about memory aging issues than college students, middle-aged, and community-dwelling older adults. Consistent with this hypothesis, response accuracy was lower for high school students compared to their older counterparts. Follow-up analyses revealed that high school students’ responses to a subset of questions that tap ageist views of adult cognition were less accurate than the other age groups, implying a response bias toward stereotypical images of memory aging. Implications for research and the design of instructional materials to increase people's knowledge about normative changes in adult cognition are discussed.     

特殊教育师范生感知班级氛围对学习投入的影响:专业认同的中介作用与未来取向的调节作用

探讨特殊教育师范生感知班级氛围与学习投入的关系,考察专业认同在两者之间的中介作用,以及未来取向的调节作用。采用学生感知班级氛围量表、学习投入量表、大学生专业认同量表和未来取向问卷对582名特殊教育师范生进行调查。结果发现：（1）特殊教育师范生感知班级氛围对学习投入具有正向预测作用;（2）专业认同在感知班级氛围与学习投入的关系中起着重要的中介作用;（3）未来取向显著调节特殊教育师范生感知班级氛围对学习投入的直接路径,也调节中介效应的后半段即特殊教育师范生专业认同对学习投入的影响。本研究结果丰富了特殊教育职前教育理论,对提升特殊教育师范生培养质量具有实践意义。     

免费师范生教师职业认同量表的编制

鉴于免费师范生的特殊性,有必要对其教师职业认同进行科学研究。本研究在前期调研与访谈的基础上,对北京某高校284名免费师范生进行问卷测试,编制了《免费师范生教师职业认同量表》,并重新选取168名免费师范生施测,采用验证性因素分析技术对量表进行结构检验。研究结果表明：（1）免费师范生的教师职业认同感包括内在价值认同、外在价值认同、意志行为认同三个维度;（2）免费师范生教师职业认同量表具有良好的信、效度。     

常态脑老化认知功能障碍及相关代谢机制研究进展

常态脑老化（NBA ）是老年期痴呆的首要危险因素,与病态性脑老化有相似的病理基础,但并不完全相同。虽然单一的“脑老化”因素并不足以成为导致老年期痴呆的独立原因,但脑老化状态确实使得大脑对外界负性刺激的敏感性增加,进而使老年人更容易发生认知障碍。阿尔茨海默病等老年痴呆症状的治疗方面尚无逆转的方法,而是重在预防。因此,我们将重点放在痴呆发生之前更早的阶段---常态脑老化阶段,就常态脑老化状态下与认知功能障碍的表现、发生机理及代谢相关机制进行综述,旨在为早期寻找措施防止老年期痴呆性认知功能下降提供理论基础。     

Neuropsicología cognitiva: Consideraciones metodológicas

Resumen

El presente trabajo es teórico y pretende ofrecer una revisión metodológica en una rama de la psicología que está en pleno auge, la neuropsicología cognitiva. El trabajo consta de los siguientes puntos: definición de la neuropsicología cognitiva y delimitación del concepto frente a la neuropsicología tradicional; relaciones entre la neuropsicología y la psicología cognitivas; métodos actuales en neuropsicología cognitiva, esto es, descripción y consideraciones de las distintas aproximaciones metodológicas; razones para el estudio de caso único, el método de la coherencia con el paciente, el método de la disociación en base a la hipótesis de la modularidad, el método de las constelaciones de síntomas y, por último, los requisitos necesarios para el sistemático estudio de caso único; críticas y conclusiones.     

An EM algorithm for fitting two-level structural equation models

Maximum likelihood is an important approach to analysis of two-level structural equation models. Different algorithms for this purpose have been available in the literature. In this paper, we present a new formulation of two-level structural equation models and develop an EM algorithm for fitting this formulation. This new formulation covers a variety of two-level structural equation models. As a result, the proposed EM algorithm is widely applicable in practice. A practical example illustrates the performance of the EM algorithm and the maximum likelihood statistic.We are thankful to the reviewers for their constructive comments that have led to significant improvement on the first version of this paper. Special thanks are due to the reviewer who suggested a comparison with the LISREL program in the saturated means model, and provided its setup and output. This work was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants DA01070, DA00017, and a UNH 2002 Summer Faculty Fellowship.     

弱智儿童视觉-动作控制的实验研究

该研究探讨了弱智儿童视觉-动作控制能力。弱智儿童被试30人,平均年龄13.5岁,平均智商53.9。实验结果与正常人的结果作了比较。结果显示,弱智儿童的视觉-动作控制能力只相当五六岁正常儿童的水平,远落后于正常中青年及老年的水平。这表明,智力缺陷与发展水平对人的视觉-动作控制能力有明显影响。     

The Love equation for the normal loading of a rigid cone on an elastic half-space: no need for a modification

A new schematic diagram is presented which shows the displacement paths of surface particles within the contact circle when a rigid cone is loaded normally on an elastic half-space. With the help of this diagram and the information available in the literature, it is argued here that a modification made to the Love equation in 1999 is unnecessary and incorrect. It is also shown that the modification results in an incorrect expression for the surface radial displacement outside the contact circle. Therefore, it is suggested that the modification be dropped forthwith.     

How age affects memory task performance in clinically normal hearing persons

The main objective of this study is to investigate memory task performance in different age groups, irrespective of hearing status. Data are collected on a short-term memory task (WAIS-III Digit Span forward) and two working memory tasks (WAIS-III Digit Span backward and the Reading Span Test). The tasks are administered to young (20–30 years, n = 56), middle-aged (50–60 years, n = 47), and older participants (70–80 years, n = 16) with normal hearing thresholds. All participants have passed a cognitive screening task (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)). Young participants perform significantly better than middle-aged participants, while middle-aged and older participants perform similarly on the three memory tasks. Our data show that older clinically normal hearing persons perform equally well on the memory tasks as middle-aged persons. However, even under optimal conditions of preserved sensory processing, changes in memory performance occur. Based on our data, these changes set in before middle age.     

听障学生与正常学生性别角色识别的比较研究

本研究采用内隐联想测验(IAT),对听障学生和正常学生进行了性别角色识别的比较研究,旨在探究性别角色识别的内隐认知特点及群体差异性。实验表明,听障学生的相容辨别和不相容辨别的反应时都显著高于正常学生,而准确率都低于正常学生,这说明听障学生性别角色识别的认知发展滞后于正常学生。本文认为,性别角色识别是一种内隐社会认知,是各类学生性意识发展的认知基础,教育者应通过各种有效途径,保证各类学生从小时候起就正确地进行性别角色的识别和扮演,以促进其性心理和性道德健康地发展。