How do children coordinate information about mental states with social norms?

We investigated how 3-7-year-olds weigh and coordinate information about specific mental states with social norms in the domain of contextually conventional rules. With increasing age, participants increasingly took into account an actor's mental state to predict that actor's behavior. In a criticism judgment task, 7-year-olds could assign criticism conditional on mental state, with response patterns similar to those of adults; 5-year-olds assigned criticism regardless of the actor's mental state. Three-year-olds tended not to assign criticism at all, irrespective of the actor's mental state. Results indicated that the ability to weigh and coordinate information about mental states with understanding of norms depends on age and on the particular type of judgment being made. To some extent, our results may also reflect the influence of culture and parenting.     

器官移植准入制度迫在眉睫

器官移植在我国正在迅速、蓬勃发展。但是在各种利益的驱使下,我国的器官移植出现严重偏差。一些不具备技术实力的医院违反原则地盲目上马该项目。使国内器官移植生存率与国际相比有相当大差距,并在经济上及器官来源等各方面都造成了巨大浪费。因此,我国亟需配套与器官移植有关的各种法律、法规出台,以规范目前的混乱状况,提高我国器官移植质量。     

长处和困难问卷研究

目的:建立儿童长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(教师用表)的上海地区常模,并对其进行信度和效度检验。方法:对上海市12所幼儿园和中小学校的2128名学生进行长处和困难问卷(教师用表)的评定,并对其中的47名预备班(6年级)学生间隔六周进行了再次评定。结果:对长处和困难问卷(教师用表)进行标准化,制定了上海地区常模。信度检验:问卷总分Cronbach的α系数为0.672;条目与因子分之间的相关系数在0.323-0.910(p<0.001)之间;间隔6周后问卷总分的重测信度为0.547,各因子的重测信度在0.404-0.640(p<0.01)之间,符合心理测量学的要求。结论:长处和困难问卷((教师用表)适合于上海地区儿童和青少年的行为评估。     

青少年学生自我价值感全国常模的制定

自我价值感是个体自我中对人的认知、情绪和行为具有弥漫性影响的一个重要方面 ,也是影响人的心理健康水平的重要方面。本文的目的是使用自编的青少年自我价值感量表建立青少年学生自我价值感(SW )全国常模。对在全国各省市分层随机抽取的 34715大中学生测量结果的方差分析表明 ,在大部分自我价值感维度上 ,存在显著的年级差异和性别×年级交互作用效应。据此给出了男女学生的自我价值感年级常模 ,并进行了常模等级分转换。文中还讨论了青少年学生自我价值感特点。     

班级欺凌规范对初中生旁观者行为的影响：道德推脱的中介作用

为了探究校园欺凌中班级欺凌规范、道德推脱与旁观者协助欺凌和置身事外行为的关系,研究1对4316名初中生进行问卷调查,研究2选取142名初中生进行实验研究。结果发现：（1）班级欺凌规范、道德推脱正向预测旁观者面对欺凌时的协助欺凌与置身事外行为;（2）道德推脱在班级欺凌规范与旁观者协助欺凌行为、置身事外行为中起中介作用。     

环境消费心理学

环境消费心理学是近年来发展起来的一个分支。生态既是人类生存的基础 ,又是人类消费的对象。人们对环境问题的认知和个人的消费行为有很大的距离。环境问题的认知是很难和实际经验相联系的抽象概念。个人即使有保护环境的意识 ,在实际消费行为中往往选择与保护环境的态度不一致的行动。这是态度、认知和行为没有一致的产生原因。本文对环境和消费问题从社会心理学的角度进行了分析。     

《中小学生注意力测验》全国常模制定报告

《中小学生注意力测验》在全国范围对约２０００名被试试测后,本研究对所获数据进行了初步分析,得到：（１）各变量原始数据的均数和标准差;（２）对各变量进行因素分析的结果表明：可以认为该测验测出注意的稳定性、广度、转移、持续性和集中性;（３）各变量原始数据有显著年龄差异,但无性别差异。（４）信效度检验结果基本符合心理测量学要求。（５）制定了全国常模。     

Condom Use Among U.S. Students: The Importance of Confidence in Normative and Attitudinal Perceptions

Abstract

The author performed a study among U.S. undergraduates to test an earlier conclusion (D. Trafimow, 1994) that confidence in the correctness of one's perceptions of normative pressure to use a condom influences the correspondence between those perceptions and the intentions actually to perform the behavior. Consistent with previous findings (Trafimow), the participants' perceptions of normative pressure strongly predicted their intentions to use condoms only under conditions of extreme normative confidence. Otherwise, their attitudes were better predictors of their intentions to use condoms. In addition, 2 other variables (attitudinal confidence and perceived behavioral control) were found to be unimportant predictors of intentions. Results of a 2nd study suggest that behaviors performed by sexual partners and knowing the sexual partners affected the participants' normative confidence.