Why Don't Continents Move? Why Don't People Change?

People don't change because they can't, don't want to, don't know how, or don't know what to change. The transtheoretical model provides an integ-rative model for understanding reasons for not changing, as well as readiness to change. Stages and levels of change guide therapists in their work in helping clients change. Clients in the precontemplative stage typically cannot change without special help. Those in the contemplation stage are not sure they want to change. Those in the preparation stage are afraid they do not know how to successfully change. The levels of change help guide therapists and clients on what to change.     

Assuming a Position: Women and Men as Moral Critics in Their Own War Zone

In their search for an authentic moral self, women and men may at some time in their lives assume a position of resistance. Men are most likely to assume this position in the sphere of war. It is not clear, however, where or when women would be expected to assume such a position or what the nature of that position might be, and how far it could be likened to that of the resisting man. This paper explores the idea that choosing to be a single mother can be a position by and from which women can voice their moral criticism. Such position is comparable to the (known and well-studied) position taken by men who show their moral criticism by refusing to participate in a specific battle during a morally controversial war. The paper begins with an examination of the philosophical and psychological concepts of separate and connected moral positions available to resisting men and women in the spheres of war and family. The conclusions are based on data from two samples of resisters in the spheres of war and the family: 36 soldiers (30 years old on average) who decided to take a stand as selective conscientious objectors (SCOs) during a morally controversial war and 50 (biologically) mature single women (over age 30) who chose to become pregnant and to remain unwed mothers. The conceptual and methodological questions regarding this comparison are discussed.     

Religious Ethics and the Spirit of Undomesticated Dissent

The field of religious ethics contributes to practices of resistance and hope in broader society. In advancing my claim that religious ethics contributes to practices of resistance and hope today, I first tell a story about the changing demographics in the field of religious ethics and why this demographic shift is important. I next focus on womanist religious scholarship as an exemplary discourse in religious ethics and how it has contributed to practices of resistance and hope in the academy and within contemporary society. While a few scholars in JRE over the last 50 years have cited and engaged womanist ethicists like Katie Cannon and Emilie Townes, I want to offer a more explicit argument on how the womanist idea has contributed to practices of resistance and hope. I maintain that womanist religious scholarship embodies the practice of undomesticated dissent and that such dissent might be understood as a contribution to larger humanistic inquiry within the academy. Finally, I briefly consider an objection to my argument through engaging Stanley Fish's claim that the purposes and ends of institutions of higher education should not be oriented toward activism.     

Juggling Multiple Roles and the Act of Resistance

This article addresses some ways mothers cope with the multiple stresses associated with their dual roles as workers and primary family caregivers. During the often stressful family life-cycle when adolescent children are individuating, a mother's active resistance can call attention to her need for support and validation of her efforts. While both parents are in the process of negotiating the intricate balance between letting go and forming new collaborative relationships with their soon to be adult children, heavy responsibilities associated with the maternal role can be especially challenging. In addition to gender-sensitive family interventions, mutual support groups for women who parent can help explore ways to effectively respond to cross-generational conflicts and problem solving.     

Parent as Saboteur in the Therapeutic Treatment of Children

Children present some unique challenges to the therapist regarding treatment. Unlike adult patients, they are obviously still dependent upon the parent for transportation, the payment of fees, and the success or failure of treatment. Thus the parents make the ultimate decision to continue or terminate treatment. But sometimes a parent's characterological problems are activated by their child's treatment. These diagnostic problems can be classified as envy, jealousy, competition, and narcissism. When any or all of these unresolved parental issues are touched by the treatment of their child, some parents become determined to sabotage therapy, despite the necessity of the treatment for their child. The author's intent is to identify the parental characterological issues for sabotaging therapy through both a theoretical analysis and a discussion of the particular methods parents employ to achieve this end. Identification of the various strategies for handling hostile parents and elaboration of various methods that the therapist may employ are discussed when parental sabotaging of treatment becomes a problem. Recommendations for particular interventions are suggested to illuminate the challenges the therapist faces with those parents whose intent is to sabotage treatment.     

Treating bed time resistance with the bed time pass: a systematic replication and component analysis with 3-year-olds

Bedtime resistance, a common pediatric problem, that was displayed by 4 unrelated 3-year-old children was treated with the bedtime pass (i.e., provision of a small notecard exchangeable for one trip out of the bedroom after bedtime) plus extinction. Bedtime resistance was eliminated for all participants. Further, treatment did not produce extinction bursts, as is common when using extinction procedures alone. Component analysis with 1 participant suggested that use of both components of the intervention produced the best outcomes. Findings extend the literature on the treatment of pediatric bedtime resistance as well as the application of behavior analysis to clinical psychology and pediatric care.     

Response rate viewed as engagement bouts: resistance to extinction

Rats obtained food pellets by nose poking a lighted key, the illumination of which alternated every 50 s during a session between blinking and steady, signaling either a relatively rich (60 per hour) or relatively lean (15 per hour) rate of reinforcement. During one training condition, all the reinforcers in the presence of the rich-reinforcement signal were response dependent (i.e., a variable-interval schedule); during another condition only 25% were response dependent (i.e., a variable-time schedule operated concurrently with a variable-interval schedule). An extinction session followed each training block. For both kinds of training schedule, and consistent with prior results, response rate was more resistant to extinction in the presence of the rich-reinforcement signal than in the presence of the lean-reinforcement signal. Analysis of interresponse-time distributions from baseline showed that differential resistance to extinction was not related to baseline differences in the rate of initiating response bouts or in the length of bouts. Also, bout-initiation rate (like response rate) was most resistant to extinction in the presence of the rich-reinforcement signal. These results support the proposal of behavioral momentum theory (e.g., Nevin & Grace, 2000) that resistance to extinction in the presence of a discriminative stimulus is determined more by the stimulus-reinforcer (Pavlovian) than by the stimulus-response-reinforcer (operant) contingency.     

Variable-ratio versus variable-interval schedules: response rate, resistance to change, and preference

Two experiments asked whether resistance to change depended on variable-ratio as opposed to variable-interval contingencies of reinforcement and the different response rates they establish. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained on multiple random-ratio random-interval schedules with equated reinforcer rates. Baseline response rates were disrupted by intercomponent food, extinction, and prefeeding. Resistance to change relative to baseline was greater in the interval component, and the difference was correlated with the extent to which baseline response rates were higher in the ratio component. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained on multiple variable-ratio variable-interval schedules in one half of each session and on concurrent chains in the other half in which the terminal links corresponded to the multiple-schedule components. The schedules were varied over six conditions, including two with equated reinforcer rates. In concurrent chains, preference strongly overmatched the ratio of obtained reinforcer rates. In multiple schedules, relative resistance to response-independent food during intercomponent intervals, extinction, and intercomponent food plus extinction depended on the ratio of obtained reinforcer rates but was less sensitive than was preference. When reinforcer rates were similar, both preference and relative resistance were greater for the variable-interval schedule, and the differences were correlated with the extent to which baseline response rates were higher on the variable-ratio schedule, confirming the results of Experiment 1. These results demonstrate that resistance to change and preference depend in part on response rate as well as obtained reinforcer rate, and challenge the independence of resistance to change and preference with respect to response rate proposed by behavioral momentum theory.     

ESBLs大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子与耐药性关系

整合子通过位点特异的基因重组在临床细菌耐药性传播中起重要作用。根据整合酶基因intⅠ的序列不同将整合子划分成4种类型,其中第一类整合子最常见,决定着细菌的多重耐药。产ESBLs菌株在整合予水平转移的介导下能增加捕获这些基因盒的可能性,更有利于耐药基因的传递和扩散。     

At the Nexus of cinema,city and memory: Resisting the demolition of Istanbul's historical Emek movie theatre

Emek was the oldest surviving movie theatre in Istanbul when it was demolished in 2013 so that a shopping mall could be built in its place, spawning a persistent civic resistance. Sitting at the juxtaposition of the vibrant literatures on urban studies, film studies, and memory studies, the article demonstrates that emotions, evoked by memories, have a part in triggering urban resistance, adding to the flourishing literature on how emotions inspire and sustain activism. Specifically, it provides ethnographic evidence for the presence of a positive link between place attachment and willingness to engage in place-protective behaviour, stressing the role played by memories in this regard. Focusing on a historical movie theatre, on the other hand, also reveals the complex spatiality of cinematic experience, stressing the importance of social relations and vicinity of the theatre (the street in particular) in this specific context. A final set of contributions derived from the case of Emek relates to the notions of “failure” and “sustainability of activism” given that the resistance to Emek's demolition is characterised by its resilience and persistence as well as a determination to “resist to forget”, despite the failure, practices of emotional reflexivity playing a key role in this respect.