小议中国特色词汇的英译

汉语词汇蕴藏着丰富的文化沉淀,带有浓烈的民族特色,明显地反映中国文化及政治各个方面的实体特征,体现了中国文化起源及其精神。但在国际大趋势下,具有中国特色的词汇和表达由于在西方文化中找不到对等而成为汉英翻译中的一大难题,很多中国特色词汇的翻译也不尽如人意。本文重点研究了中国特色词语特点,通过对大量例子的分析,提出了一些针对中国特有词汇及表达的翻译方法。     

The contextually controlled, feature-mediated classification of symbols

The classification of names of people or objects based on the features acquired by the names and the sorting instructions provided is a commonplace occurrence. For example, given the names Renoir, Pollock, James and Voltaire the average adult would be able to classify them differentially based on the instruction to classify them based on vocation or nationality. In general, such a repertoire reflects the reclassification of symbols (i.e, the names of individuals) in terms of contextual cues (instructions to sort by vocation or nationality) and the features acquired by the symbols (the specific nationalities and vocations). The present experiment studied this phenomenon with the use of arbitrary stimuli that did not have clear preexperimental associations. Two of 4 participants classified the symbols into different equivalence classes based on the prevailing contextual cues and the features that had been acquired by the symbols. Using an ABA reversal design we then demonstrated that 1 participant classified the symbols in accordance with the contextual cues and acquired features when present, but not in the absence of the contextual cues. A 3rd participant showed symbol classification that differed from that predicted by the procedures, and the 4th classified the symbols based on one set of features but not on context. These data describe one set of conditions that could account for the establishment of complex classification repertoires that occur in natural settings.     

论道德意识的认知特征

道德作为一种实践意识 ,其认知特征主要有三 :一是人道为本 ,自觉觉他 ;二是“是”“应”同辙 ,智仁并举 ;三是情理交融 ,知行合一。     

论道德现象的特点

从道德存在论看 ,道德是普遍性与特殊性的统一 ;地域性与历史性的统一。从道德价值论看 ,道德是相对性与绝对性的统一 ;多元性与一元性的统一。从道德认识论看 ,道德是客观性与主观性的统一 ;群体性与个体性的统一。从道德实现论看 ,道德是他律性与自律性的统一 ;现实性与理想性的统一。     

视觉特征提取加工中的认知可塑性

本研究采用“加因素法”研究范式,通过两个实验分别检测20名飞行员和lO名老年被试及其相应控制组在视觉特征提取任务上的认知加工水平,旨在探讨视觉特征提取这一高水平视觉表象加工上的认知可塑性水平。研究结果表明,视觉特征提取加工既表现出了随外界系统训练而发生功能增强的练习效应,也表现出了随年老化过程而发生相应功能显著改变的年龄效应。研究提示,由于受大脑神经细胞活动特性改变的影响,视觉特征提取加工更多地表现出了可塑性或易变性相对较高的认知特性。结合相关的工作基础,研究结果还进一步证实高水平视觉认知加工所表现出的练习效应和年龄效应在大脑神经网络上的分布是不平衡的。本研究不仅对于揭示高水平视觉表象加工的认知特性具有重要的理论意义,而且在实践中对于建立飞行员、宇航员等特殊职业人员的选拔模型以及揭示飞行空间定向障碍的认知机制也具有重要的应用价值。     

西方童话与中国神话中人物的人格特征研究

童话和神话中人物的人格特征影响着个体早期的社会化。本文选择了24篇著名的西方童话和中国神话,采用人格形容词评定法,对其中人物的人格特征进行对比研究发现,这些人物既具有人类追求真善美的共性,也表现出不同民族所特有的民族精神和价值观的差异性。分析了这些共性和差异性的表现及其产生原因,阐述了这些人物的人格特征对儿童形成其个性品质、行为模式、道德品质、社会角色等方面的作用和意义。     

Does matching up features mess up job choice? Boundary conditions on attribute‐salience effects

Research in decision making has suggested that the degree to which features of an option are shared versus unique influences preferences in a way that violates normative rules. The generalizability of these findings to job choice was investigated. Senior‐level, undergraduate job seekers (N = 216) were presented with three jobs from which they were asked to choose one. Attributes for two of the jobs (A and B) remained invariant across conditions, and attributes for a third job (C) were manipulated such that it shared unfavorable features with one of the invariant jobs (A or B) and favorable attributes with the other job (B or A). Results suggested that jobs with unique positive features and shared negative features were preferred over those with unique negative features and shared positive features only when information was presented in a simple (versus complex) format and when participants did not rate the importance of attributes prior to the choice task. We suggest that inferences from feature‐matching research should be qualified by these boundary conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论道德内化的心理机制及其特征

所谓道德内化,是指个体在后天的社会生活和实践中,经过一定方式的社会学习,接受社会的道德教化,将社会的道德原则、规范和要求转化为其自身的道德需要,形成其自身稳定的道德人格特质和道德行为反应模式的过程。道德内化的心理机制是道德主体的自我意识,它一般由“由我是什么”、“我应当成为什么”和“我必须成为什么”三个逻辑环节组成。道德内化具有他律性和自律性相统一、平衡性和失衡性相统一、共同性和差异性相统一、阶段性和整体性相统一等特点。     

简论隋唐道德生活的特点

隋唐时期，中国历史走上了前所未有的辉煌，经济文化的发展与社会的稳定，对南北朝以来的道德生活的动荡进行了有力的调整，儒释道三教的鼎立与交融、民族大融合，使得道德生活表现出极大的融合性；而新的文化因素给中原固有文化注入了一股生气，使得隋唐的道德生活显示出独特的开放性；而统治者对自己信心的增强，在维护社会秩序、巩固政权的问题上，又反映出很大的开明性。