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91.
Giacomo Bonanno 《Studia Logica》2007,86(3):375-401
The temporal updating of an agent’s beliefs in response to a flow of information is modeled in a simple modal logic that,
for every date t, contains a normal belief operator B
t
and a non-normal information operator I
t
which is analogous to the ‘only knowing’ operator discussed in the computer science literature. Soundness and completeness
of the logic are proved and the relationship between the proposed logic, the AGM theory of belief revision and the notion
of plausibility is discussed.
A first draft of this paper was presented at the Workshop on Belief Change in Rational Agents: Perspectives from Artificial
Intelligence, Philosophy and Economics, Dagstuhl (Germany), August 2005.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology II. Edited by
Branden Fitelson 相似文献
92.
生存·发展·创新——对20世纪中医学发展道路的反思 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了中医学的生存和发展,中医药研究人员苦苦思索着中医学的本质,探索着中医学的现代化道路。目前中医学在研究思路和方法上仍存在一些问题,因此回顾和总结现代中医学及中西医结合医学的发展状况,有利于我们认清中医学的发展形势,发现其中存在的问题,寻求解决问题的方法。 相似文献
93.
样例学习条件下的因果力估计 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
在逐个呈现因果样例的条件下,考察单一因果关系因果力估计的特点,同时检验联想解释,概率对比模型,权重DP模型,效力PC理论和pCI规则。实验让65名大学生被试估计不同化学药物影响动物基因变异的能力。实验结果表明:(1)对产生原因的因果力估计符合权重DP模型;(2)对预防原因的因果力估计较多符合效力PC理论;(3)因果力估计具有复杂多样性,难以用统一的模式加以描述和概括。 相似文献
94.
Hayashi M 《Animal cognition》2007,10(2):89-103
The stacking-block task has been used to assess cognitive development in both humans and chimpanzees. The present study reports three aspects of stacking behavior in chimpanzees: spontaneous development, acquisition process following training, and physical understanding assessed through a cylindrical-block task. Over 3 years of longitudinal observation of block manipulation, one of three infant chimpanzees spontaneously started to stack up cubic blocks at the age of 2 years and 7 months. The other two infants began stacking up blocks at 3 years and 1 month, although only after the introduction of training by a human tester who rewarded stacking behavior. Cylindrical blocks were then introduced to assess physical understanding in object-object combinations in three infant (aged 3-4) and three adult chimpanzees. The flat surfaces of cylinders are suitable for stacking, while the rounded surface is not. Block manipulation was described using sequential codes and analyzed focusing on failure, cause, and solution in the task. Three of the six subjects (one infant and two adults) stacked up cylindrical blocks efficiently: frequently changing the cylinders' orientation without contacting the round side to other blocks. Rich experience in stacking cubes may facilitate subjects' stacking of novel, cylindrical shapes from the beginning. The other three subjects were less efficient in stacking cylinders and used variable strategies to achieve the goal. Nevertheless, they began to learn the effective way of stacking over the course of testing, after about 15 sessions (75 trials). 相似文献
95.
96.
Quinlan et al. [Quinlan, p., van der Mass, H., Jansen, B., Booij, O., & Rendell, M. (this issue). Re-thinking stages of cognitive development: An appraisal of connectionist models of the balance scale task. Cognition, doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.02.004] use Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to criticize a connectionist model of development on the balance-scale task, arguing that LCA shows that this model fails to capture a torque rule and exhibits rules that children do not. In this rejoinder we focus on the latter problem, noting the tendency of LCA to find small, unreliable, and difficult-to-interpret classes. This tendency is documented in network and synthetic simulations and in psychological research, and statistical reasons for finding such unreliable classes are discussed. We recommend that LCA should be used with care, and argue that its small and unreliable classes should be discounted. Further, we note that a preoccupation with diagnosing rules ignores important phenomena that rules do not account for. Finally, we conjecture that simple extensions of the network model should be able to achieve torque-rule performance. 相似文献
97.
98.
《十一家注孙子》汇集了自魏武帝曹操至北宋张预等11家对于《孙子》的注解。关于治国之道,孙子与儒家的思想多有相通之处,同时又各有侧重、各有特点。11位注家在注释《孙子》过程中,既阐发了孙子的原意,又融合了诸多儒家的思想观念,体现出“以儒释兵”、“兵儒整合”的思想倾向。这种思想倾向虽早已有之,但《十一家注孙子》的形成无疑又加强了这种倾向,它对历史上儒兵家的形成也有一定影响。 相似文献
99.
刘涛 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2014,(6):76-78
人体本身对各类疾病有着强大的自我抵制和修复能力,疾病的发生和康复有其自然的进展规律,治疗疾病的过程应遵循相关规律,并辅助人体的这些能力去促进机体的修复。而现实医疗中,人们在享受医学科技成果和医疗保障实惠的同时,常常伴有过度的医疗处置或过度忽视疾病的存在,从而影响疾病本身的自然康复进程,或加重病情,甚至造成二次伤害。本文从疾病治疗自然观的角度探讨了医生和患者在应对疾病时需了解的辩证思想,并就如何认识和应用疾病治疗的自然观去诊治疾病做一探讨。 相似文献
100.
This study focused on the influence of American and Chinese cultures on consequentialism orientation in decision-making within the broader context of psychologists’ academic roles and responsibilities. In addition, this study hypothesized that educational level would affect culturally influenced ethical decision making in both cultures. Based on the American Psychological Association Ethics Code, 20 ethical scenarios in 5 domains in psychology were created and used to examine the influence of culturally ethical beliefs on psychologists’ decision making among 181 participants. The results indicated that significant cultural differences in consequentialism orientation differentiated Chinese and American participants and influenced their resolution of ethical issues. 相似文献