问题解决产生式规则解决物理学问题研究

用问题解决产生式系统编制样例题和试干题,可使学生掌握样例题中所蕴含着的产生式规则,表明能在较短时间内掌握教学计划中所规定的知识内容,图式获得较快,而规则自动化有较高要求。     

Conceptual and linguistic representations of kinds and classes

We investigate the hypothesis that our conceptual systems provide two formally distinct ways of representing categories by investigating the manner in which lexical nominals (e.g., tree, picnic table) and phrasal nominals (e.g., black bird, birds that like rice) are interpreted. Four experiments found that lexical nominals may be mapped onto kind representations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations but not kind representations. Experiment 1 found that phrasal nominals, unlike lexical nominals, are mapped onto categories whose members need not be of a single kind. Experiments 2 and 3 found that categories named by lexical nominals enter into both class inclusion and kind hierarchies and thus support both class inclusion (is a) and kind specification (kind of) relations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations which support only class inclusion relations. Experiment 4 showed that the two types of nominals represent hierarchical relations in different ways. Phrasal nominals (e.g., white bear) are mapped onto classes that have criteria of membership in addition to those specified by the class picked out by the head noun of the phrase (e.g., bear). In contrast, lexical nominals (e.g., polar bear) specify one way to meet the criteria specified by the more general kind concept (e.g., bear). Implications for the language-conceptual system interface, representation of hierarchical relations, lexicalization, and theories of conceptual combination are discussed.     

Childhood depression: A place for psychotherapy

Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are the two dominant mental health treatment modalities, but they are often taught and practised very separately leading to polarisation which may fragment treatment delivery. This paper presents results from a small qualitative study of interfaces between these modalities as described by medical and non-medical professionals practising in the National Health Service (NHS) and explores whether this polarisation maps to the Kleinian ‘P/S’ (paranoid/schizoid) and ‘D’ (depressive) positions, the ‘P/S’ position of omnipotence and dominance of one model over the other shifting the attention away from a more realistic ‘D’ position of integration and concern for the patient. The challenges to the integration of pharmacology and psychotherapy are examined in reference to cultural, organisational, relational and intrapsychic issues. Finally, clinical implications of an integrative approach are considered.     

Five Private Language Arguments

This paper distinguishes five key interpretations of the argument presented by Wittgenstein in Philosophical Investigations I, §258. I also argue that on none of these five interpretations is the argument cogent. The paper is primarily concerned with the most popular interpretation of the argument: that which that makes it rest upon the principle that one can be said to follow a rule only if there exists a ‘useable criterion of successful performance’ (Pears) or ‘operational standard of correctness’ (Glock) for its correct application. This principle, I suggest, is untrue. The private language argument upon which it rests therefore fails.     

Critical notice of Frank Jackson,from metaphysics to ethics: A defence of conceptual analysis

It is argued that the version of Hilary Putnam's model-theoretic argument developed by Barry Taylor in Models, Truth and Realism poses no threat to the realist claim that an ideal theory may be false.     

论病历资料的法律价值

从法律价值角度,探讨病历资料具有的外在价值、内在价值及法治价值,病历资料作为证据法中的书证,能够证明客观事实的内在品质和其外在的证明作用、法治功能,在司法证明活动和处理医疗纠纷中发挥着重要作用,旨在提高人们对病历资料证据的认识,规范病历资料的书写、归档、保存和利用,促进司法证明和医疗服务质量的提高。     

慢性乙型肝炎的联合抗病毒治疗

抗病毒治疗是控制乙型肝炎病原进而防止肝硬化、肝癌等并发症的重要手段。就目前的抗病毒药物而言,单一药物的疗效不能令人满意,越来越多的研究数据表明联合抗病毒治疗,包括干扰素α和核苷（酸）类似物联合治疗以及两种核苷（酸）类似物联合治疗可以减少耐药发生,提高抗病毒疗效。联合抗病毒治疗可能是控制乙肝的有效策略,值得进一步研究。