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81.
肿瘤临床治疗中应关注肝脏 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
杨永平 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2011,(2):13-15
抗肿瘤细胞毒性药物有不同程度毒副作用,有些严重毒副反应是限制药物剂量或使用的直接原因。肝脏是药物代谢的主要器官,也是药物损伤的主要靶器官。随着临床肿瘤治疗关注治疗带来的副作用与关注疗效同等重要的发展,本文对抗肿瘤细胞毒性药物与肝损伤、发生机制、诊断、分型和临床治疗进展进行了阐述。 相似文献
82.
A web-based software model was developed as an example for data mining in aphasiology. It is used for educating medical and engineering students. It is based upon a database of 254 aphasic patients which contains the diagnosis of the aphasia type, profiles of an aphasia test battery (Aachen Aphasia Test), and some further clinical information. In addition, the cerebral lesion profiles of 147 of these cases were standardized by transferring the coordinates of the lesions to a 3D reference brain based upon the ACPC coordinate system. Two artificial neural networks were used to perform a classification of the aphasia type. First, a coarse classification was achieved by using an assessment of spontaneous speech of the patient which produced correct results in 87% of the test cases. Data analysis tools were used to select four features of the 30 available test features to yield a more accurate diagnosis. This classifier produced correct results in 92% of the test cases. The neural network approach is similar to grouping performed in group studies, while the nearest-neighbor method shows a design more similar to case studies. It finds the neurolinguistic and the lesion data of patients whose AAT profiles are most similar to the user's input. This way lesion profiles can be compared to each other interindividually. The Aphasia Diagnoser is available on the Web address http://fuzzy.iau.dtu.dk/aphasia.nsf and thus should facilitate a discussion about the reliability and possibilities of data-mining techniques in aphasiology. 相似文献
83.
84.
For the exploratory analysis of a matrix of proximities or (dis)similarities between objects, one often uses cluster analysis
(CA) or multidimensional scaling (MDS). Solutions resulting from such analyses are sometimes interpreted using external information
on the objects. Usually the procedures of CA, MDS and using external information are carried out independently and sequentially,
although combinations of two of the three procedures (CA and MDS, or multidimensional scaling and using external information)
have been proposed in the literature. The present paper offers a procedure that combines all three procedures in one analysis,
using a model that describes a partition of objects with cluster centroids represented in a low-dimensional space, which in
turn is related to the information in the external variables. A simulation study is carried out to demonstrate that the method
works satisfactorily for data with a known underlying structure. Also, to illustrate the method, it is applied to two empirical
data sets. 相似文献
85.
Liechty, Pieters & Wedel (2003) developed a hidden Markov Model (HMM) to identify the states of an attentional process in an advertisement viewing task. This work is significant because it demonstrates the benefits of stochastic modeling and Bayesian estimation in making inferences about cognitive processes based on eye movement data. One limitation of the proposed approach is that attention is conceptualized as an autonomous random process that is affected neither by the overall layout of the stimulus nor by the visual information perceived during the current fixation. An alternative model based on the input-output hidden Markov model (IOHMM; Bengio, 1999) is suggested as an extension of the HMM. The need for further studies that validate the HMM classification results is also discussed. 相似文献
86.
87.
Ladislav Tondl 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1998,29(2):245-264
The paper justifies the concept of “thematic structure” or “order of knowledge” over the traditional “classification of sciences”
due to the uncertainty of many classification criteria. The thematic structure of science has, of course, various levels and
various dimensions. Arguments against any forms of separating the humanities from sciences in the traditional sense of the
term are presented and discussed. Equally unacceptable are attempts at sharp separation of technical disciplines and humanities.
The thematic structure of humanities is not created by some material aspects but rather through the interest — or problem-oriented
aspects. In addition to the natural sciences and the humanities there exists an important sphere of sciences on artefacts
or, using the term by H. Simon, the sciences of the artificial. For the contemporary research activities is typical what could
be denoted as “interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary complex.” The paper traces a set of epistemological criteria for the
justification of the relative independence of a scientific discipline.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
88.
89.
Joseph K. Neumann 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1978,11(3):435-435
Many different reinforcement contingencies are found in group operant systems, such as token economies and point systems. Some systems use group contingencies in which the reinforcement of any one participant may depend on the behavior of some other group member. Other programs are individual, in that participants earn reinforcers dependent only on their own behavior. The various possible arrangements of people and their response requirements are labelled “social conditions of reinforcement” in this paper. Previous attempts at classification have failed to categorize the variety of social conditions of reinforcement. In addition, some conditions that may produce behaviorally different effects have not been separated. The present paper classifies the social conditions of reinforcement found in applied programs in a three-dimensional scheme. The efficacy of the three major dimensions—reinforcing agent, recipient response requirement, and group response requirement—is supported by clinical and research data. The reinforcing agent dimension refers to the person(s) who dispenses reinforcers to group members. This major dimension is further subdivided: one or several agents may be either designated or nondesignated. Recipients are the group members who receive reinforcement. This dimension is also subdivided: one or several recipients in a social condition of reinforcement may obtain reinforcers either contingently or noncontingently. The group response requirement is a criterion that must be satisfied before any group participant is eligible for reinforcement. Some systems have no group requirement, and others have a group requirement that must be met by some designated or nondesignated participant(s). Supportive references and examples are given in the explanation of each dimension and subdimension. The behavioral impact of the various categories is emphasized. For all major dimensions, applied implications and research suggestions are discussed. Concluding remarks center on the utility of the present scheme, the classification of operant procedures other than positive reinforcement, and both theoretical and applied issues requiring further study (e.g., the long-term effects of participation in group contingencies). 相似文献
90.
Dr. Philip Bobko 《Psychometrika》1977,42(2):311-314
A measure of multiple rank correlation,T
y.12
2, is proposed for the situation with no tied observations in the variables. The measure is a weighted average of two squared Kendall taus. It is shown thatT
y.12
2 is equivalent to a statistic previously proposed by Moran and thus a new interpretation is given to Moran's statistic.The author wishes to thank Nancy Anderson, Willard Larkin, and Kent Norman for their helpful comments. 相似文献