Alief——影响心血管康复的潜在心理状态

心血管康复是涉及医学评价、处方运动、心血管危险因素矫正、教育、咨询和行为干预等的长期综合治疗程序,以改善心血管病的生理和心理状态,减少再次心肌梗死和猝死的危险,控制心血管症状,稳定或逆转动脉硬化过程和改善患者的心理和职业状态。心血管康复干预具体包括药物治疗、行为干预和心理介入等治疗。其中涉及一系列的心理-行为现象及概念。最近,心理医学领域提出了介于信念和想象的状态——Alief,这一具象派状态可以很好地解释与心血管康复相关的一些心理-行为现象,本文就此作一论述。     

Grain boundary phase observed in Al–5 at.% Zn alloy by using HREM

The nature and behaviour of grain boundary (GB) phases is very important since they can control strength, plasticity, resistivity, grain growth, corrosion resistance, etc, especially in nanocrystalline materials. For nanocrystalline Al-based light alloys, extremely high plasticity has been observed in restricted temperature and concentration intervals close to the solidus line. This phenomenon is not fully understood. It can be explained by formation of GB phases not included in the bulk phase diagram. Therefore, the structure of GB phases, as well as thermodynamic conditions for their existence, has to be carefully studied. In this work the structure and composition of GBs and GB triple junctions in Al–5 at.% Zn polycrystals annealed in the temperature region above and below the bulk solidus line were studied by high-resolution electron microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy. Evidence has been obtained that a thin layer of a liquid-like phase exists in GBs and GB triple junctions slightly below the bulk solidus line.     

A grounded theory exploration of therapists’ experiences of somatic phenomena in the countertransference

Somatic phenomena in the countertransference have historically received minimal attention despite evidence of their occurrence in the therapeutic encounter. In the field of Counselling Psychology, there seems to be an apparent gap in the academic coverage and clinical utilisation of therapists’ somatic states. The purpose of this study was to explore therapists’ somatic experiences in the countertransference using a grounded theory methodology, based on a sample of 12 participants that was composed of psychotherapists, counselling and clinical psychologists. The results indicated that therapists made sense of their somatic experiences through a developmental process of ‘relating to the body’ that combined stages of defensive operations, intellectual reflections, attributions of somatic ownership and recognitions of various working patterns in the management of somatic experiences. This study addresses the factors that constituted therapists’ processing of the experience, and the findings suggest that therapeutic work may be affected when psychosomatic phenomena as such become undermined and ignored.     

论人的心理素质

心理素质是我国素质教育中提出的本土化概念。文章以“素质-心理素质-心理素质与心理现象”为逻辑顺序,分别探索了素质和心理素质的本质涵义,并从心理素质与心理现象、人格、心理健康、社会适应的关系探讨了心理素质的特殊地位和功能。     

Premonitory urges are associated with decreased grey matter thickness within the insula and sensorimotor cortex in young people with Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by vocal and motor tics and is associated with cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical circuit (CSTC) dysfunction and hyperexcitability of cortical limbic and motor regions, which are thought to lead to the occurrence of tics. Importantly, individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by ‘premonitory sensory phenomena’ (PSP) that are described as uncomfortable cognitive or bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic, and are experienced as a strong urge for motor discharge. While the precise role played by PSP in the occurrence of tics is controversial, PSP are nonetheless of considerable theoretical and clinical importance in TS, not least because they form the core component in many of the behavioural therapies that are currently used in the treatment of tic disorders. In this study, we investigated the brain structure correlates of PSP. Specifically, we conducted a whole‐brain analysis of cortical (grey matter) thickness in 29 children and young adults with TS and investigated the association between grey matter thickness and PSP. We demonstrate for the first time that PSP are inversely associated with grey matter thickness measurements within the insula and sensorimotor cortex. We also demonstrate that grey matter thickness is significantly reduced in these areas in individuals with TS relative to a closely age‐ and gender‐matched group of typically developing individuals and that PSP ratings are significantly correlated with tic severity.     

Three fragments on trauma and time

How does trauma influence a client and a therapist’s experience of time in time-limited therapy? The therapist must first work to understand and remain responsive to the different registers of time now operative following the traumatic event. This paper contends that in the immediacy of trauma, hallucinatory wish-fulfilment oblivious to the structuring conditions of time and space appears to dominate. In chronic traumatic states, time appears to circle in a narrow compass, buffering between a cluster of moments surrounding and including the moment of traumatic rupture – as if struggling to re-establish a secure connection with linear time. The three clinical fragments presented attempt to describe different experiences of traumatic bereavement and the felt movement of time within them. The death of another confronts us not only with their loss but with our own mortality – the time we have lived and the time we have left. It is not surprising, therefore, that an individual's otherwise fluid transitions between different temporalities are disturbed in the aftermath of traumatic bereavement. The therapist’s capacity to regulate tempo when the client’s subjective experience of time is dysregulated offers an important means of containment. The aim of the therapist working with the traumatically bereaved client is to develop collaborative understanding to get thinking moving again and to gradually help the client unpin time, moving it beyond the confines that it occupies in trauma.     

四参数Logistic加权模型下被试能力稳健估计

设计项目参数、被试得分已知的测验情境,在两、三、四参数Logistic加权模型下进行能力估计,发现被试得分等级之间的能力步长存在着均匀的步长间距,被试得分能较好的反映多级记分的分数加权作用。两参数Logistic加权模型下会出现被试参数估计扰动现象,猜测现象会导致能力高估现象,失误现象会导致能力低估现象;三参数Logistic加权模型c型下能力高估现象未出现或不明显;三参数Logistic加权模型γ型下能力低估现象未出现或不明显;四参数Logistic加权模型下被试能力高估现象和低估现象都未出现或不明显,四参数Logistic加权模型是被试能力稳健性估计较好的方法。     

D. W. Winnicott,transitional objects and the creation of the divine

Religious expressions and religious behaviours are often considered to be mainly mental or spiritual phenomena, to a large degree divorced from or threatened by physical or material forms that may accompany their expression. This paper asks whether the diminution of the material or the condemnation of idols, icons and religious art loses sight of possible benefits that involvement with these forms of material divinity has for believers. Using the concept of transitional objects and transitional phenomena developed by D. W. Winnicott, a mid-twentieth-century psychoanalyst, I argue that idols, icons and religious art often represent transitional objects that form psychological bridges, intermediaries or anticipated “transitions” from humans to unseen divinities who require materialisation in some form to be maintained actively in the believer’s mind. In the process of creating or designing these material forms, the forms themselves often come to be considered “divine”. Illustrations are provided.     

Classifying emotion: a developmental account

The aim of this paper is to propose a systematic classification of emotions which can also characterize their nature. The first challenge we address is the submission of clear criteria for a theory of emotions that determine which mental phenomena are emotions and which are not. We suggest that emotions as a subclass of mental states are determined by their functional roles. The second and main challenge is the presentation of a classification and theory of emotions that can account for all existing varieties. We argue that we must classify emotions according to four developmental stages: 1. pre-emotions as unfocussed expressive emotion states, 2. basic emotions, 3. primary cognitive emotions, and 4. secondary cognitive emotions. We suggest four types of basic emotions (fear, anger, joy and sadness) which are systematically differentiated into a diversity of more complex emotions during emotional development. The classification distinguishes between basic and non-basic emotions and our multi-factorial account considers cognitive, experiential, physiological and behavioral parameters as relevant for constituting an emotion. However, each emotion type is constituted by a typical pattern according to which some features may be more significant than others. Emotions differ strongly where these patterns of features are concerned, while their essential functional roles are the same. We argue that emotions form a unified ontological category that is coherent and can be well defined by their characteristic functional roles. Our account of emotions is supported by data from developmental psychology, neurobiology, evolutionary biology and sociology.