两人问题解决中惯例的测量及其微观发生过程

惯例是一种群体的程序化行为，类似于思维定势，其实验测量最早源于 Cohen 与 Bacdayan (1994)发明的TTT扑克牌游戏。研究选取35对两人组被试，在问题解决的框架下采用微观发生法的思路重新设计实验任务，探讨了两人问题解决中惯例的表现，并在此基础上探讨了惯例从无到有的产生过程。结果表明：(1)修改后的40局TTT扑克牌游戏中存在明显的惯例现象，这可以从可靠性、速度、重复的行动序列、基于特定策略的行为模式和偶尔的次优性5个指标进行验证和描述。(2)惯例的产生是在行为掌握基础上，不断进行表征重述的结果。这一过程体现了惯例的产生是程序性知识转向陈述性知识、无意识转向有意识、稳定性与可变性的统一。     

Changing Perspective: Building Creative Mindsets

The search for new ideas often frustratingly cycles back to old ones, a phenomenon known as fixation. Recent research has shown ways to kick-start finding new uses for familiar objects, a prototypical creativity task: wandering in the mind or the world or working on a messy desk. Those techniques seem to succeed by helping break fixation, but do not guide the search for new ideas. The perspective-taking or human-centric or empathic mindset championed by many in HCI and in design firms does provide a search strategy. We compared the mind-wandering mindset to a perspective-taking mindset, the latter priming thinking of ways that people in different roles (gardener, artist, etc.) might use the objects. In two studies, the Perspective-Taking mindset yielded more ideas and more original ideas than Mind-Wandering, which did not differ from a No-Mindset control. Original ideas came late, rewarding persistence. The perspective-taking mindset is productive for problem-solving, forecasting, and social interactions as well as innovation.     

An introduction to the Priority‐Pointing Procedure

A qualitative research‐based diagnostic procedure, the Priority‐Pointing Procedure (PPP), is proposed that synthesizes responses to open‐ended questions about the direction an organization should take. It points to a priority for action by measuring imbalances in the numbers of responses in the context of the structure of adjustment decision‐making from nomology. It is shown to be useful for defining variables and structuring criteria for strategic Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) problems. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.