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581.
PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) APPROACH NASH EQUILIBRIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL MATCHING PENNIES COMPETITIONS 下载免费PDF全文
Federico Sanabria Eric Thrailkill 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,91(2):169-183
The game of Matching Pennies (MP), a simplified version of the more popular Rock, Papers, Scissors, schematically represents competitions between organisms with incentives to predict each other's behavior. Optimal performance in iterated MP competitions involves the production of random choice patterns and the detection of nonrandomness in the opponent's choices. The purpose of this study was to replicate systematic deviations from optimal choice observed in humans when playing MP, and to establish whether suboptimal performance was better described by a modified linear learning model or by a more cognitively sophisticated reinforcement‐tracking model. Two pairs of pigeons played iterated MP competitions; payoffs for successful choices (e.g., “Rock” vs. “Scissors”) varied within experimental sessions and across experimental conditions, and were signaled by visual stimuli. Pigeons' behavior adjusted to payoff matrices; divergences from optimal play were analogous to those usually demonstrated by humans, except for the tendency of pigeons to persist on prior choices. Suboptimal play was well characterized by a linear learning model of the kind widely used to describe human performance. This linear learning model may thus serve as default account of competitive performance against which the imputation of cognitively sophisticated processes can be evaluated. 相似文献
582.
Michel Laroche FRSC Nicolas Papadopoulos Louise Heslop Jasmin Bergeron 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2003,2(3):232-247
Most cross‐cultural studies on country of origin or product‐country image (PCI) effects have implicitly assumed that national markets are composed of homogeneous consumers. Although many investigations in this field are described as cross‐cultural, most are in fact cross‐national. The overarching hypothesis of the present research is that PCI effects may vary across subcultures within a country. The results indicate that subcultural differences exist in the evaluation of culturally affiliated countries and their products. Cognitive responses converged to show that consumers' perceived linkages significantly influence the weight given to the country of origin in product evaluations. Several implications for managers and academic researchers are discussed. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献
583.
本文探讨大学生论文自然阅读所采用的策略。包括两个实验,实验1对大学生在自然阅读,采用信息阅读策略与采用结构阅读策略等三种情况下把握文章信息的情况进行比较,探讨大学生自然阅读的策略特点;实验2对大学生在上述三种策略情况下把握文章重点信息的情况进行比较,进一步探讨大学生自然阅读的策略特点。研究结果表明,大学生自然阅读与采用信息阅读策略进行阅读两种情况下,无论是对文章一般信息还是文章重要信息的把握,都表现出基本相同的模式,而与采用结构阅读策略的结果不同,初步说明大学生论文自然阅读采用的策略是信息阅读策略而非结构阅读策略。 相似文献
584.
小学儿童CVS策略的发展及其对教育的启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
CVS策略是国外不少研究者正深入研究的一种学习策略,关于它的研究得出了许多有价值的结论。本文首先分析了CVS的概念、研究方法和研究意义,然后对当前的研究结论进行了梳理,从五大方面详细分析了小学儿童CVS策略的发展特点,最后又从四个发面提出了这些研究对当前教育的启示。 相似文献
585.
586.
Piccione and Rubinstein (1997) present and analyse the sequential decision problem of an “absentminded driver”. The driver's
absentmindedness (imperfect recall) leads him to time-inconsistent strategy evaluations. His original evaluation gets replaced
by a new one under impact of the information that the circumstances have changed, notwithstanding the fact that this change
in circumstances has been expected by him all along. The time inconsistency in strategy evaluation suggests that such an agent
might have reason to renege on his adopted strategy. As we shall see, however, this danger is only apparent. There is no serious
problem of dynamic inconsistency in this case. My diagnosis of the case under consideration is in many respects similar to
the one provided by Aumann, Hart and Perry (1997), but the analysis leading to this diagnosis is not quite the same.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
587.
Lombardi CM 《Animal cognition》2008,11(1):67-74
Relational learning, as opposed to perceptual learning, is based on the abstract properties of the stimuli. Although at present
there is no doubt that pigeons are capable of relational behavior, this study aims to further disclose the conditions under
which it occurs. Pigeons were trained in an outdoor cage on a matching-to-sample or an oddity-from-sample task, with colored
cardboard stimuli presented horizontally. The apparatus involved three sliding lids on which the stimuli were drawn and which,
when displaced, revealed the reinforcement. The lids were either adjacent to each other or somewhat separated. Training sessions
involved two colors, and test sessions six different colors (same dimension test), or six different shapes (different dimension
test). One group of birds trained under the ‘adjacent’ condition failed when tested with new stimuli, but succeeded in both
dimension tests after training under the ‘separate’ condition. Two other groups of birds succeeded in all tests after training
under the latter condition. These results show that depending on procedural details, pigeons are or are not able to transfer
from one visual dimension to another, thus extending previous related findings. 相似文献
588.
589.
越来越多的学者认为,学业求助是一种重要的自我调控学习策略,对学生的学习具有重要的意义。本文总结了与学业求助有关的影响因素,包括成就目标、自我效能、班级环境和任务难度,并在此基础上探讨了激发学生有效求助的学习策略。 相似文献
590.
营销学和心理学的已有研究表明, 负面情绪会影响信息处理过程。因此, 企业在品牌关系再续的实践中, 必须结合消费者负面情绪来选择适当的说服策略。基于此, 通过区分反驳型说服策略和诊断型说服策略, 并将其联结于消费者的情绪特点(情绪类型与情绪强度), 经由两个实验探讨了不同情绪特点的消费者对两种说服策略的反应。实验一初步证明了负面情绪类型(后悔和生气)调节说服策略对原谅的影响。实验二证明了负面情绪强度(低和高)调节说服策略对原谅的影响, 并进一步检验了实验一的结论。即当负面情绪强度低时, 负面情绪类型的调节作用不显著; 但是, 当负面情绪强度高时, 负面情绪类型的调节作用显著。此外, 两个实验均验证, 根据消费者负面情绪特点, 适当的说服策略有利于消费者原谅品牌, 进而产生品牌关系再续意愿。 相似文献