Covenants and reputations

In their classic analyses, Hobbes and Hume argue that offensively violating a covenant is irrational because the offense ruins one’s reputation. This paper explores conditions under which reputation alone can enforce covenants. The members of a community are modeled as interacting in a Covenant Game repeated over time. Folk theorems are presented that give conditions under which the Humean strategy of performing in covenants only with those who have never offensively violated or performed with an offensive violator characterizes an equilibrium of the repeated Covenant Game. These folk theorems establish that for certain ideal settings Hobbes’ and Hume’s arguments against offensively violating covenants are compelling. However, these ideal settings presuppose that the community has certain mechanisms that generate common knowledge of the identities of those with whom one should perform. I analyze the results of computer simulations of the interactions in a community whose members must rely upon private communication alone. The computer simulation data show that in this community, reputation effects cannot effectively deter members from offensively violating covenants. I conclude that Hobbes’ and Hume’s warnings against offensive violation are compelling only on condition that the community is sufficiently structured to generate common knowledge among its members. I also conclude that even in such structured communities, the Humean strategy is not the uniquely “correct” policy.     

Personality,reciprocity, and strength of conflict resolution strategy

The present field study investigates how an individual’s interpersonal conflict resolution behavior is affected by the individual’s personality (assessed by the Big 5) and a situational factor (the other party’s conflict behavior), as well as how the two factors interact. A hierarchical regression analysis based on 256 student–roommate/friend dyads shows that both factors are important. Extraversion and Agreeableness were significantly related to most conflict strategies used by students. The results show that interactions between the parties in conflict situations are strongly governed by the norm of reciprocity. Finally, we found some empirical support for the interaction effect between personality and situation, suggesting that an individual’s conflict behavior is more complex than what the dispositional or the situational view may suggest.     

认知诊断计算机化自适应测验的选题策略

随着认知诊断计算机化自适应测验(cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing, CD-CAT)理论与实践的发展, 兼顾知识状态与能力的双目标CD-CAT逐渐受到重视。选题策略是CAT的核心, 通过梳理传统CD-CAT和双目标CD-CAT选题策略的研究, 并对它们的特点、关系及表现进行介绍和评析。最后, 基于认知诊断模型与CAT实践发展指出未来应加强一般化认知模型、复杂测验条件认知诊断模型下选题策略的研究; 应开发双目标诊断测验的项目和测验特征指标; 还应加强非参数选题方法和CD-CAT的实践应用研究。     

Hippocampus-dependent strategy choice predicts low levels of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus

Neurogenesis continues to occur throughout life in the mammalian hippocampus. Previous research has suggested that the production of new neurons in the hippocampus during adulthood may be related to hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. However, the exact relationship between adult neurogenesis and learning and memory remains unclear. Here we investigated whether learning strategy selection is related to cell proliferation or to survival of new neurons in the hippocampus of adult male rats. We trained rats on alternating blocks of hippocampus-dependent (hidden platform) and hippocampus-independent (visible platform) versions of the Morris water task with the platform always in the same position. Following training, rats were given a probe session during which the platform was visible and in a novel location. Preferred strategy was determined by observing the initial swim path. Rats were classified as place strategy (hippocampus-dependent) users if they swam to the old platform location. Cue strategy (hippocampus-independent) users were classified as those rats that swam initially to the visible platform. Our results indicate that rats that preferentially used a place strategy had significantly lower cell proliferation than cue strategy users. However, there was no significant difference in cell survival or number of immature neurons between strategy user groups. These results suggest that low levels of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus may be conducive or coincident with more efficient memory processing in the hippocampus.     

慢性乙型肝炎治疗路线图的评价——应答指导的临床治疗策略

慢性乙型肝炎治疗路线图是根据患者对抗病毒药物应答的不同、用病毒及其抗原水平在治疗的整个过程中对患者进行科学管理、制定治疗策略、确定治疗时间的一种优化治疗方案。本文将从它的可行性和意义、重要性、治疗策略的确定及在临床上应用的局限性等方面进行论述。     

中学生学习策略发展研究

采用调查问卷法,以自编的《中学生学习方式量表》对初一至高三800名学生进行了调查。结果发现：初中生对学习策略的掌握和运用水平尚不稳定,初三学生的学习策略水平出现明显的下降趋势,高中生对学习策略的掌握运用达到自控水平;初中、高中男、女生间学习策略水平存在显著差异,女生学习策略整体水平显著高于男生,随年级的提高,部分学习策略水平的性别差异有逐渐缩小的趋势;学习成绩与学习策略存在显著正相关。     

全球与中国医药领先企业技术创新战略模式比较研究

首次从各个角度全面系统的比较并剖析了中国与全球医药领先企业技术创新战略模式的异同,指出中国不应该照搬全球医药领先企业的模式,而应该结合国家和企业的实际情况,建立有利于企业可持续发展的技术创新战略模式.     

Effects of mood states on information processing strategies: Two studies of automatic and controlled processing using misattribution paradigms

To test the hypothesis that a positive mood facilitates automatic processing and a negative mood facilitates controlled processing, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, after positive or negative mood was induced, participants rated the attractiveness of products while listening to a music tape that they were told would have the effect of inducing a positive, negative, or neutral mood. As predicted, augmentation effects were clearer in the negative mood condition than in the positive mood condition. In Experiment 2, participants were first presented with lists of names of non-famous Japanese companies either once or four times. One or two days later, they were presented with these names again, together with new names, and were asked to judge whether those names were famous or-non-famous. As predicted, subjects in a positive mood showed more false fame judgments than those in a negative mood because those in a positive mood did not control their feeling of familiarity correctly. These results indicated that those in positive moods are more likely to engage in automatic processing.     

迎接医学人文学科发展的春天

我国医学人文学科的发展与我国的改革开放同步 ,在 2 0世纪 80年代末期到 90年代初曾经经历过一个发展高潮 ,但进入 90年代中期之后 ,随着第一批为我国医学人文学科建立作出卓越贡献的专家学者相继进入退休年龄而退出这一领域之后 ,医学人文科学的研究进入停滞阶段。今年SARS的发生暴露了我国公共卫生建设方面的失误 ,也引发了理论界的深刻反思。公共卫生投入不足、预防保健工作松软乏力 ,与我们对医学目的的认识以及卫生发展理论方面存在误区不无关系。由SARS所引发的公共卫生事件说明公共卫生决不是单纯的医学问题 ,它关系到国家的安全、影响到经济发展 ,需要从国家发展战略的角度来认识和全社会共同参与建设 ,这就为医学人文学科的发展提供了难得的契机     

初中学习困难学生阅读交互教学实验研究

选取初一年级 2 8名阅读优生和 2 4名阅读困难学生 ,采用两因素完全随机实验设计 ,进行为期六周的教学实验。结果如下 :(1 )三策略组合的交互教学能显著提高优生和学习困难学生的提问策略水平 ,改善阅读态度 ;(2 )四、五策略组合的交互教学能显著促进优生和学习困难学生的阅读理解 ,提高提问和小结策略水平及理解监控水平 ,改善阅读态度