Decision Neuroscience: New Directions in Studies of Judgment and Decision Making

ABSTRACT— Investigations of decision making have historically been undertaken by different disciplines, each using different techniques and assumptions, and few unifying efforts have been made. Economists have focused on precise mathematical models of normative decision making, psychologists have examined how decisions are actually made based on cognitive constraints, and neuroscientists have concentrated on the detailed operation of neural systems in simple choices. In recent years, however, researchers in these separate fields have joined forces in an attempt to better specify the foundations of decision making. This interdisciplinary effort has begun to use decision theory to guide the search for the neural bases of reward value and predictability. Concurrently, these formal models are beginning to incorporate processes such as social reward and emotion. The combination of these diverse theoretical approaches and methodologies is already yielding significant progress in the construction of more comprehensive decision-making models.     

Influences of traits and assessment methods on human resource practitioners’ evaluations of job applicants

We examined human resource (HR) practitioners’ subjective evaluations of job applicants as a function of specific traits and the assessment methods used to measure those traits. HR practitioners (N = 277) rated the hirability of a hypothetical job applicant who was described according to one trait (intelligence, conscientiousness, or agreeableness) assessed by one method (interview, paper-and-pencil test, or assessment center). We found main effects for trait and method as well as an interaction. HR practitioners gave highest hirability ratings to job applicants described as conscientious and to those assessed by an interview. Job applicants evaluated on conscientiousness assessed by an interview were rated more highly than all other combinations of trait and method.

脑电图分析的方法论

临床诊断中的脑电图分析方法可归为两大类：线性分析法与非线性分析法。本文介绍了这两类方法中常用的算法如谱估计、小波分析、混沌分析方法等,分析了这两类方法的特点、优势以及存在的不足。同时讨论了在临床应用中选取这两类方法所出现的问题。提出了将人工势场法用于脑电图分析的新思路,并对研究方案进行了可行性分析。     

医学人文课程多元评价方法探讨

医学人文课程有必要实施多元评价:内容多元,涵盖知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观3个领域的内涵;方法多元,根据不同课程的特点采用不同的评价方式;主体多元,运用教师评价、学生自评、学生互评的方法,使评价体现职业需求和学科特点,促进学生发展,并且有可操作性。     

数字卦与占筮——考古发现中的筮法及相关问题

本文通过讨论效字卦与《周易》的关系、数字卦与筮法的关系、作为占筮直接记录的数字卦在不同历史阶段的体例变化、以"大衍之法"为代表的占筮方法的基本原则等相关问题,认为西周时候的两个并列的数字卦不是一次算卦的记录而是两次算卦的记录,是结果相近的两次占筮的记录。也就是说,根据"先卜而后筮"、"三人占,则从二人之言"的原则,西周时候就重大事情一般要进行三次占筮或占卜,以含义互相接近的两次卜筮作为最终结果;而这两个含义互相接近的占筮被直接记录下来,就是考古发现中的两个并列的效字卦。     

The state of methods and tools for social systems change

The last decade or so has seen an increase in the rate of attention to systems change and the application of multiple theories to study and influence change in systems. This article considers how these theories, described in other articles in this issues, plus theories about complex adaptive systems open opportunities for us to continue to expand our repertoire of tools and methods to address systems change. These conceptual frameworks, tools, and methods are expected to help us increase our capacity to study and influence both planned and self-organizing systems change. New tools and methods have emerged and others are needed to help us continue to explore and influence the complex social systems within which we operate.     

Neural evidence for the interplay between language, gesture, and action: a review

Co-speech gestures embody a form of manual action that is tightly coupled to the language system. As such, the co-occurrence of speech and co-speech gestures is an excellent example of the interplay between language and action. There are, however, other ways in which language and action can be thought of as closely related. In this paper we will give an overview of studies in cognitive neuroscience that examine the neural underpinnings of links between language and action. Topics include neurocognitive studies of motor representations of speech sounds, action-related language, sign language and co-speech gestures. It will be concluded that there is strong evidence on the interaction between speech and gestures in the brain. This interaction however shares general properties with other domains in which there is interplay between language and action.     

The Hennessy–Milner equivalence for continuous time stochastic logic with mu-operator

A continuous stochastic logic with a μ-operator μCSL is defined, and an interpretation through stochastic relations is proposed. We investigate morphisms for models of μCSL, showing that the associated congruences can be used for an investigation of bisimilarity. The Hennessy–Milner equivalence for μCSL is discussed, and it is shown that models are equivalent iff they are bisimilar, using a general criterion for bisimilarity from the theory of stochastic relations.