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111.
Joana O. Pinto Bruno Peixoto Artemisa R. Dores Fernando Barbosa 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2023,17(3):431-449
The literature on neuropsychological intervention (NI) uses a variety of terms to refer to equivalent constructs, making it difficult to compare intervention programmes and their outcomes. The purpose of this work is to propose a unified terminological framework for describing NI programmes. The terminological framework was developed based on a previous proposal for common terminology by Johnstone and Stonnington (Rehabilitation of neuropsychological disorders: A practical guide for rehabilitation professionals. Psychology Press, 2011) and driven by Cognitive Psychology concepts. The terminological framework was organized into two sections: (a) NI, which includes types of NI, methods and approaches, instructional methods, and strategies; and (b) neurocognitive functions, which include temporal and spatial orientation, sensation, perception, visuo-constructional abilities, attention, memory, language, reasoning of several sorts (e.g., abstract reasoning, and numerical reasoning), and executive functions. Most NI tasks target a main neurocognitive function, but there are underlying neurocognitive functions that may impair performance in the former. Since it is difficult to create a task that is solely focused on one neurocognitive function, the proposed terminology should not be viewed as a taxonomy, but rather as dimensional, with the same task allowing to work different functions, in varying grades. Adopting this terminological framework will allow to define the targeted neurocognitive functions more accurately and simplify the comparison between NI programmes and their outcomes. Future research should focus on describing the main techniques/strategies for each neurocognitive function and non-cognitive interventions. 相似文献
112.
ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to systematically review the literature on the integration of technology in psychological skills training (PST) to optimize elite athletes’ performance.DesignSystematic review.MethodPublished English, Italian, and Russian language articles were identified using electronic databases. Eighteen articles (out of 3753 records) fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and their quality was assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Six papers were judged to be excellent and four to be high quality. There were significant methodological inconsistencies across eight studies. An overall score of quality assessment ranged from 20% to 100%.ResultsThe included studies implemented various technologies, in combination with PST, to identify, monitor and/or have an intervention aimed at optimizing elite athletes' performance. The results suggested that the integration covered different meanings, i.e., functional integration, integration between technologies and measures, integration between technology, theoretical framework, and psychological skills training. There was no distinct consistency between the studies with regards to the theory or model used.ConclusionsTechnology and mental training should not be viewed as interchangeable facets of performance enhancement, but rather as complementary ones – where technology integrated in psychological skills training can lead to identify and monitor optimal performance and to implement more effective interventions. 相似文献
113.
Spiritual training is assumed to reduce self‐enhancement, but may have the paradoxical effect of boosting superiority feelings. It can thus operate like other self‐enhancement tools and contribute to a contingent self‐worth that depends on one's spiritual accomplishments. In three studies (N = 533, N = 2,223, N = 965), a brief measure of spiritual superiority showed good internal consistency and discriminant validity. As predicted, it was distinctly related to spiritual contingency of self‐worth, illustrating that the self‐enhancement function of spirituality is similar to other contingency domains. It was correlated with self‐esteem and, more strongly, with communal narcissism, corroborating the notion of spiritual narcissism. Spiritual Superiority scores were consistently higher among energetically trained participants than mindfulness trainees and were associated with supernatural overconfidence and self‐ascribed spiritual guidance. Our results illustrate that the self‐enhancement motive is powerful and deeply ingrained so that it can hijack methods intended to transcend the ego and, instead, adopt them to its own service. 相似文献
114.
Good Enough for an Affair. Self‐Enhancement of Attractiveness,Interest in Potential Mates and Popularity as a Mate
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Using data from the Berlin Speed Dating Study, we tested rival hypotheses concerning the effects of self‐enhancement of attractiveness on dating outcomes. Three hundred eighty‐two participants took part in one of the 17 speed‐dating sessions. After each speed‐dating interaction, participants indicated how interesting they found the respective person as a long‐term and short‐term partner. Using social relations analyses, we computed perceiver effects (being more or less choosy) and target effects (being rated as more or less interesting) of long‐term and short‐term partner ratings. Self‐enhancement was operationalized as the discrepancy between self‐rated attractiveness and four components of actual attractiveness (observer‐rated facial and vocal attractiveness, height and body mass index). Results indicated that self‐enhancers were less choosy with respect to their interest for short‐term partners, which was especially true for men, but more choosy with respect to long‐term partners. With regard to popularity as a mate, potential partners indicated that they found self‐enhancers more interesting as short‐term partners but not as long‐term partners. As self‐enhancement is a key component of narcissism, these results are consistent with findings that narcissists perceive many sexual affairs as an achievement, while preferring selected ‘trophy’ long‐term partners, and narcissists have a charming appeal for short‐term, but not lasting, social relationships. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
115.
Karen Wu Chuansheng Chen Ellen Greenberger Yunxin Wang Daiming Xiu Bin Liu Chunhui Chen Jin Li Wen Chen Qi Dong 《Personal Relationships》2020,27(2):336-365
The authors tested whether partner idealization was positively associated with relationship quality among 105 intraracially dating Asian American couples (Study 1) and 98 Chinese couples (Study 2) through two methods. The commonly used residual‐based approach found, in both samples, the positive associations between idealizing a partner and relationship quality previously documented among European/European Americans. In contrast, the piece‐wise regression analysis, which distinguished between idealization and derogation, found few positive associations between idealizing a partner and relationship quality. Similarly, being the object of idealization rarely predicted greater relationship quality for either sample, even when perceived idealization was tested. Derogation, however, predicted relationship outcomes. Therefore, future studies should focus on negative behaviors or attitudes (or the lack thereof) in understanding relationship outcomes. 相似文献
116.
特征注意(feature-based attention)是个体根据特定的特征维度或特征值分配视觉注意资源的能力。在注意焦点内, 特征注意会增强对注意特征具有反应选择性的神经元活动, 并抑制对干扰特征具有反应选择性的神经元活动。大量研究表明, 特征注意的调制作用可以扩散到注意焦点以外, 具有全局性的特点, 但这种全局性调制作用是增强机制还是抑制机制仍然存在争议。这可能是由于两种机制在时间进程等属性上存在差异, 在视觉信息加工中可能扮演着不同角色。相对而言, 全局性抑制作用可能更易受实验设计和实验参数的影响。后续研究应该探究全局性抑制机制在什么条件下发挥作用, 以及进一步对全局性的增强机制和抑制机制进行分离。 相似文献
117.
118.
Chronic use of amphetamines and/or opiates has been associated with a wide range of cognitive deficits, involving domains
of attention, inhibitory control, planning, decision-making, learning and memory. Although both amphetamine and opiate users
show marked impairment in various aspects of cognitive function, the impairment profile is distinctly different according
to the substance of abuse. In light of evidence showing that cognitive impairment in drug users has a negative impact on treatment
engagement and efficacy, we review substance-specific deficits on executive and memory function, and discuss possibilities
to address these during treatment intervention. 相似文献
119.
Tomasini F 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(6):497-507
This article critically evaluates bettering human life. Because this involves lives that do not exist yet, the article investigates
human eugenics and enhancement through the social prism of ‘the imaginary’ (defined ‘as a set of assumptions and concepts
for thinking and speaking about human enhancement and its future direction’) [1]. “Exploring basic assumptions underlying the idea of human enhancement” investigates underlying assumptions and claims for
human enhancement. Firstly, human eugenics and enhancement entangles a factual as well as a normative claim about what improvement/betterment
maybe constitutive of. Secondly, claims about what a better life is, is often a future orientated claim about whether certain
kinds of life that do not exist yet should ever exist. Moral images of thought are introduced and how they work to make normative judgments about lives that do not
exist. This implicates the moral problem of difference, where an image of a ‘better’ life—classically expressed in eugenics
as a ‘superior’ and/or ‘normal’ life—necessarily entails inferiority and/or deviance from a norm. “Moral imagination in contemporary fiction and the history of old eugenics”,
introduces moral images in history of eugenics and demonstrates how examples fall foul of the problem. “The new (liberal)
eugenics and the moral image of therapy” examines progress in contemporary debates, the move from authoritarian to non-authoritarian
eugenics (human enhancement), and how, to some extent, this has solved the problem of difference, through liberal defence
of personal choice. “The heart of the eugenic issue” suggests that personal choice in liberal non-authoritarian eugenics is
not immune to basic drive behind all eugenic arguments; desire as lack which is expressed as the continual dissatisfaction
of not having our future expectations met.
相似文献
Floris TomasiniEmail: |
120.
An individual’s foraging activity can be influenced by the choices made by nearby conspecifics. The interest shown in the
location and characteristics of a feeding patch may depend on the feeding success of a conspecific there, a process that needs
to be distinguished from choices guided by rewards to the observer itself. We investigated how rewards for both self and others
influence the foraging choices of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Thirteen adult capuchins observed familiar female conspecific models explore one of three opaque boxes under three conditions.
In the first, there were no rewards available to either monkey; in the second, rewards were available to the model only; and
in the third, both monkeys could retrieve a reward. Under all conditions, subjects more often explored the same box as the
model than was expected by chance. Thus, without ever receiving a reward themselves or without seeing another receive rewards,
subjects’ searches were directed at the box explored by another monkey. The tendency to match the model’s choice increased
if the subject was rewarded. We compared these results to control conditions in which the model was either absent, or present
but not allowed to demonstrate. Subjects’ located the reward less often in control conditions, than in the experimental conditions.
We conclude that extrinsic rewards, while helpful, are not required for partners to influence the foraging choices of capuchins,
and that the unrewarded copying of foraging choices demonstrated here may provide the basis for additional social influences
on learning.
This contribution is part of the Special Issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007) 相似文献