合成词加工中的词频、词素频率及语义透明度

通过变化汉语合成词的词素累积频率的方法,考察表面频率和语义透明度对加工速度的影响。研究发现,当控制透明度时,高表面频率词中存在词素累积频率效应,即词素频率越高反应越快;而在低表面频率词中没有。当控制表面频率,变化词素频率和透明度时,在透明词中,词素累积频率高的比低的加工快;但在不透明词中;这种反应趋势反转了：词素频率越高反应越慢。     

Rule learning in rats: serial tracking in interleaved patterns

Humans have the ability to chunk together information from nonadjacent serial positions in sequential patterns. For example, human subjects can extrapolate the pattern, A-M-B-N-C-O-D-P-E-..., to find the missing element, Q, by sorting pattern elements into two component interleaved subpatterns: A-B-C-D-E and M-N-O-P-... Two experiments investigated the ability of rats to reorganize pattern elements from nonadjacent serial positions into chunks not presented by the experimenter. Rats learned either a structured or unstructured sequence interleaved with elements of a repeating sequence (experiment 1) or an alternation sequence (experiment 2). In both experiments, rats learned the interleaved subpatterns at different rates. Acquisition rate was correlated with the structural properties of component subpatterns and the nature of the rules required to describe the interleaved subpatterns. The results indicate that rats are sensitive to the organization of nonadjacent elements in serial patterns and that they can detect and sort structural relationships in interleaved patterns. Received: 7 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 27 January 1999     

Change and continuity in neurobehavioral development: lessons from the study of neurobiology and neural plasticity

The goal of this paper is to discuss our current understanding of change and continuity in neurobehavioral development. After describing the basic elements of neurobiological development, attention is focused on the myriad of ways experience influences the developing and developed brain. This literature is used to illustrate the complexity of both brain and behavioral development in the context of change and continuity. The implications of considering brain/behavior relations in the context of development comprise the final section of the paper.     

Afterimages: a tool for defining the neural correlate of visual consciousness

Our visual system not only mediates information about the visual environment but is capable of generating pictures of nonexistent worlds: afterimages, illusions, phosphenes, etc. We are "aware" of these pictures just as we are aware of the images of natural, physical objects. This raises the question: is the neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) of such images the same as that of images of physical objects? Images of natural objects have some properties in common with afterimages (e.g., stability of verticality) but there are also obvious differences (e.g., images maintain size constancy, whereas afterimages follow Emmert's Law: when seen while screens at different distances are observed, an afterimage looks larger, the greater the distance of the screen). The differences can be explained by differences in the retinal extent of images and afterimages, which favors the view that both have the same NCC. It seems reasonable to assume that before neural activity can produce awareness, all the computations necessary for a veridical representation of, e.g., an object, must be completed within the neural substrate and that information characteristic of a particular object must be available within the NCC. Given these assumptions, it can be shown that no retinotopic (in a strict sense) cortical areas can serve as the NCC, although some type of topographic representation is necessary. It seems also to be unlikely that neurons classified as cardinal cells alone can serve as NCC.     

中文双字词的表征与加工(上)

从研究背景、实验研究和理论观点等几方面对中文双字词的表征与加工的有关研究进行了总结,介绍和分析了常用的几种实验研究范式和有关的实验结论,并对两种主要的理论模型进行了比较。在此基础上提出了进一步研究所应注意的几个问题。     

社会认知中印象形成的记忆和认知表征研究

本文以社会认知为出发点,考察印象形成记忆和认知表征;采用具体行为描述作为刺激材料,通过三个实验,160名被试,系统考察了印象形成中行为信息加工的方式。结果表明：（1）印象形成过程中,我们对行为信息进行精致加工编码,行为信息与品质相关,但它们是独立存贮在记忆中;（2）项目增加和项目丢失技术是区别精致加工和组织加工的有效工具。     

A selectionist approach to reinforcement.

We describe a principle of reinforcement that draws upon experimental analyses of both behavior and the neurosciences. Some of the implications of this principle for the interpretation of behavior are explored using computer simulations of adaptive neural networks. The simulations indicate that a single reinforcement principle, implemented in a biologically plausible neural network, is competent to produce as its cumulative product networks that can mediate a substantial number of the phenomena generated by respondent and operant contingencies. These include acquisition, extinction, reacquisition, conditioned reinforcement, and stimulus-control phenomena such as blocking and stimulus discrimination. The characteristics of the environment-behavior relations selected by the action of reinforcement on the connectivity of the network are consistent with behavior-analytic formulations: Operants are not elicited but, instead, the network permits them to be guided by the environment. Moreover, the guidance of behavior is context dependent, with the pathways activated by a stimulus determined in part by what other stimuli are acting on the network at that moment. In keeping with a selectionist approach to complexity, the cumulative effects of relatively simple reinforcement processes give promise of simulating the complex behavior of living organisms when acting upon adaptive neural networks.     

Easy bayes estimation for rasch-type models

A Bayes estimation procedure is introduced that allows the nature and strength of prior beliefs to be easily specified and modal posterior estimates to be obtained as easily as maximum likelihood estimates. The procedure is based on constructing posterior distributions that are formally identical to likelihoods, but are based on sampled data as well as artificial data reflecting prior information. Improvements in performance of modal Bayes procedures relative to maximum likelihood estimation are illustrated for Rasch-type models. Improvements range from modest to dramatic, depending on the model and the number of items being considered.This research was supported by ORN Contact #00014-86-K0087. We wish to thank Sheng-Hui Chu and Dzung-Ji Lii for providing intelligent and energetic programming support for this article. We also thank one of the reviewers for pointing out several interesting and useful perspectives.     

风险决策任务的内部表征

通过综合分析风险决策任务内部表征的性质、特点、类型、形成规则及其重要的相关研究,认为风险决策的关键是正确合理的内部表征;决策者关于风险决策任务的内部表征、自我表征、情境表征与对手表征共同构成的决策表征系统及其有关的知识结构是决策空间的核心部分,应当成为风险决策研究的重要课题。     

汉语语句句式表征及命题表征能力的年龄比较

通过三个年龄段的被试对同命题不同句式汉语语句再认的比较,以再认比率和再认反应时为指标,探讨了句子在记忆中的表征问题。研究结果表明：（１）命题表征是一种原始倾向,既不同于记忆准确性的年龄发展,它在性质上又区别于记忆误差。把句式表征与命题表征分化开是后天发展的结果;（２）命题表征的建立和巩固需要时间,但一经建立,巩固性较强。相反,句式表征的巩固性较差。