Predictive minds and small-scale models: Kenneth Craik’s contribution to cognitive science

I identify three lessons from Kenneth Craik’s landmark book “The Nature of Explanation” for contemporary debates surrounding the existence, extent, and nature of mental representation: first, an account of mental representations as neural structures that function analogously to public models; second, an appreciation of prediction as the central component of intelligence in demand of such models; and third, a metaphor for understanding the brain as an engineer, not a scientist. I then relate these insights to discussions surrounding the representational status of predictive processing – which, I argue, provides a contemporary vindication of Craik’s extremely prescient “hypothesis on the nature of thought.”     

An effective daily box office prediction model based on deep neural networks

The task of the daily box office prediction model is to build a dynamic prediction model to rolling forecast daily box office. It is a complex task as the movie box office has a short life cycle, and the static data and dynamic data that affect the trend of box office are heterogeneous. This paper proposes an end-to-end deep learning model for daily box office prediction, called Deep-DBP which consists of temporal component and static characteristics component. The temporal component is the main component which uses LSTM to learn the temporal dependencies between data points. The static characteristics component is an auxiliary component and it integrates static characteristics to improve prediction effect. The Deep-DBP can overcome the problems that the ARIMA and traditional ANN model cannot solve. The structure of input and output proposed in the model can well handle short time series prediction problem. It is a successful case in dealing with multi-source and multi-view data, addition of static characteristics component reduces the prediction error by 7%. The prediction error of Deep-DBP is 30.1%, which is better than that of the previous model. The experiment proved that the more training data collected, the better the prediction effect.     

宽恕心理的行为测量及认知神经机制

宽恕是一个复杂的心理过程,被认为是对冒犯者的亲社会化转变的过程,包括认知、情绪、动机和行为上的改变。本文回顾了国内外宽恕心理的行为测量范式和认知神经机制研究相关的成果,发现宽恕心理的行为测量范式能够揭示宽恕相关的心理过程;认知神经机制的研究发现宽恕心理过程主要涉及负责社会认知、共情和认知控制等功能的脑区。未来的研究应关注宽恕心理行为测量范式的有效性和揭示内容的一致性、宽恕心理的认知和脑神经基础。     

视频游戏对认知能力的影响及其神经基础

视频游戏是一类需要借助视听设备并基于一定剧情进行操作的游戏。先前研究大多关注暴力视频游戏对攻击等负面行为的影响,但本文着重探讨视频游戏对个体认知能力的积极影响及内在神经基础,以辩证看待视频游戏对个体心理和行为的作用。本文对前人研究归纳梳理发现,视频游戏训练能使个体认知能力得到持久改善,同时论述了视频游戏中脑神经基础和奖赏预期对认知能力的调控作用。未来研究应在规范视频游戏训练技术的基础上,用其干预靶脑区以提升个体特定脑功能。     

Affective responses to body stimuli: comparing male and female bodies with cropped heads and masked faces

Three studies were conducted to determine whether headless bodies evoke affective responses that might confound neuroimaging and electrophysiological findings. In Experiment 1, 224 participants rated pictures, including bodies with cropped heads and masked faces, for disgust, fear, naturalness, valence and arousal. In Experiment 2, 38 participants viewed the same images during a free word association task, whilst in Experiment 3 galvanic skin responses were measured as 57 participants completed a similar rating task to that in Experiment 1. No differences were found between responses elicited by bodies without heads versus bodies with masked faces, although female bodies were thought of more positively than male bodies. This suggests that headless bodies are not abhorrent and are appropriate stimuli for investigating body-selective perceptual processes as they do not evoke face-processing mechanisms. Our findings also suggest that differences between male and female body viewing should be considered when investigating visual body perception.     

中学力学问题表征体系的动态特征

基于McDenott和Larkin的基本假设,该文提出了力学问题的表征体系,并用口语报告分析法实证研究了力学问题表征体系的动态特征。结果表明：问题解决者在解决力学问题过程中一般将建立4个不同层次的表征,并且在物理和数学表征层次所占时间显著多于在文字和朴素表征层次的时间。     

光照对小鸡脑内神经细胞粘附分子表达的影响

胚胎发育晚期光照条件的不同,对小鸡后天的学习记忆能力有显著的影响,暗孵化小鸡表现出明显的长时记忆障碍。实验利用免疫组化的方法,分别对光孵化、正常孵化和暗孵化条件下,胚胎发育的第17、18、19、20、21天,小鸡脑内上纹体腹核(HV)中神经细胞粘附分子(NCAMs)的表达进行了观察。结果表明：暗孵化条件下孵出的小鸡,在一次性被动回避学习中,记忆保持水平显著低于光孵化组和正常孵化组;在胚胎发育的第20天NCAM的表达,在光孵化组和正常孵化组中显著增高,到胚胎发育的第21天,这种升高在正常孵化组中显著下降;而暗孵化组在整个观察过程中,NCAM表达水平一直非常低。这一结果提示,不同光照条件在孵化过程中,对NCAM表达的影响,参与了光照对小鸡后天学习记忆行为改变的过程。     

时间隐喻的语义层次网络模型研究

本研究采用启动技术考查了上级时间隐喻对下级时间隐喻的启动效应。结果发现不管是在反应时还是在意义相关程度的评定上。时间根概念隐喻的启动效应明显次于基本概念隐喻的启动效应。而基本概念隐喻的启动效应又明显低于派生隐喻的启动效应。这验证了时间隐喻的语义层次网络模型。     

对语言神经机制的新认识

本文针对语言神经机制的研究现状,分析了失语症和裂脑人研究的成果,并且较为详细地介绍了最近十年脑功能成像得到的有关语言神经活动的新成就,在此基础上,提出了一种动态分布式竞争的解释理论,用来解释语言神经活动现象和规律,并进一步借以说明言语意识的产生机制。     

初中生有无插图课文的眼动过程研究

本研究使用美国应用科学实验室(ASL)生产的4200R型眼动仪,采用2×2的二因素混合设计,对30名初中二年级学生阅读有无插图且难易不同的课文的阅读理解指标和眼动指标进行考察,结果表明(1)初中生阅读有无插图课文的成绩、时间和速度等阅读理解指标,插图课文显著优于无图课文,插图对课文的阅读理解整合具有明显地促进作用;而且注视次数和回视次数等眼动指标插图课文亦显著优于无图课文.(2)初中生阅读易课文的成绩、时间和速度等阅读理解指标不仅显著优于难课文,而且注视次数、眼跳距离和回视次数等眼动指标易课文亦显著优于难课文.