认知决策中锚定效应的量子模型研究

文章回顾了锚定效应研究中个体层面和群体层面的相关文献,认为选择易得性模型理论能够很好地解释锚定效应的发生机制。同时,通过回顾决策认知领域的最新研究观点——量子模型,包括从只利用量子论空间性质到使用薛定谔方程的两种表述,阐述了这一领域的研究趋势。并通过为锚定效应建立量子模型(个体层面和两人层面),拓展了锚定效应的研究。     

视觉客体在工作记忆中的累积构建

本研究采用变化觉察范式,以包含高、低空间频率信息的形状为刺激材料,探讨客体表征在工作记忆中的构建。结果发现,低频形状的工作记忆绩效显著优于高频形状,且二者辨别力的差别随SOA延长逐渐消失,说明低频信息优先进入视觉工作记忆。该结果支持工作记忆中客体表征的构建并非采用"全或无"的方式,而可能采用累积加工方式的假设。     

Working through and its various models

Working through is an integral part of the psychoanalytic process, one could even say its epitome. It is therefore always present in the work of an analysis but, depending on the various phases and constraints that arise in that process, changes are brought to its form, to the issues involved in it and to its economic dimension. The author explores three forms or models of how working-through functions in relation to the dominant feature of any given analytical process. In the first of these, the issue that has to be worked over involves insight into a repressed representational complex; in the second, work has to be done on bringing into consciousness drive-related impulses or mental experiences that have until then not been able to be represented, so that the analysis itself is the first occasion on which retroactive [après-coup] processing can be initiated; and in the third, when representation and some kind of symbolization of the subjective experience and the drive-related issues that are part of it have been accomplished, the analysand then has to appropriate these subjectively and integrate them.     

Comparing the magnitude of two fractions with common components: Which representations are used by 10- and 12-year-olds?

This study tested whether 10- and 12-year-olds who can correctly compare the magnitudes of fractions with common components access the magnitudes of the whole fractions rather than only compare the magnitudes of their components. Time for comparing two fractions was predicted by the numerical distance between the whole fractions, suggesting an access to their magnitude. In addition, we tested whether the relative magnitude of the denominator interferes with the processing of the fraction magnitude and, thus, needs to be inhibited. Response times were slower for fractions with common numerators than for fractions with common denominators, indicating an interference of the magnitude of the denominators with the selection of the larger fraction. A negative priming effect was shown for the comparison of natural numbers primed by fractions with common numerators, suggesting an inhibition of the selection of the larger denominator during the comparison of fractions. In conclusion, children who can correctly compare fractions with common components can access the magnitude of the whole fractions but remain sensitive to the interference of the relative magnitude of the denominators. This study highlights the fact that beyond the interference of natural number knowledge at the conceptual level (called the “whole number bias” by Ni & Zhou, 2005), children need to manage the interference of the magnitude of the denominators (Stroop-like effect).     

极端环境下个体绩效的负性表现

极端环境是指太空、深海、南北极、大型竞技比赛等对人的心理、生理功能提出较高要求的复杂恶劣环境条件。个体与环境之间的相互作用会对绩效表现产生一定影响。本文通过系统回顾国内外研究,并结合最新的认知神经科学研究结果,将极端环境下负性绩效表现的相关研究进展进行梳理与探讨。     

评述早期儿童认知发展的神经科学研究

神经科学的迅猛发展,尤其是神经科学新的研究手段的广泛运用,使得神经科学在儿童早期认知发展的神经机制研究中取得了长足的进展。本文主要涉及神经发育中神经系统的可塑性、关键期,以及知觉、注意、记忆和空间认知等认知发展诸多方面的神经机制。     

4～6岁儿童未来时间认知教学的实验研究

本研究在Friedman实验范式的基础上,增加了“系统教学”变量,探究教学与4~6岁儿童未来时间认知能力发展的关系。结果表明:(1)“教学”是影响儿童未来时序认知的主要因素;(2)“点估计策略”与“习俗时间单元概念策略”是两种主要时间认知策略;(3)儿童未来时间认知策略的发展遵循从感性直观到抽象概括的发展规律;(4)“教学”是影响其未来时间认知策略的主要因素;(5)4岁儿童已能区分未来事件的时距信息,且其未来时距认知具有分段性。     

质量表征和眼动过度追踪对表征动量的影响

人们对运动目标最终位置的记忆常常会向运动方向发生偏移, 这种偏移被称为“表征动量”。现有研究对表征动量的解释涉及从低水平的知觉加工到高水平的认知加工等多个方面。本研究采用不同材质和滚动声音的球体作为刺激材料, 考察高水平的质量表征对表征动量的影响以及知觉水平的眼动信息在其中的作用。实验1探讨了对目标质量的主观表征对眼动追踪和表征动量的影响。结果显示, 质量表征会同时影响眼动追踪和表征动量。实验2通过不同的提示线索控制眼动追踪, 进一步探讨眼动过度追踪对表征动量的影响。我们发现, 非自然追踪的条件下, 表征动量会减小, 且质量表征对表征动量的影响不再显著。本研究结果表明, 高水平的质量表征对表征动量的影响会通过知觉水平的眼动过度追踪起作用; 然而, 表征动量还受其它因素影响, 眼动信息并非决定表征动量的唯一因素。     

任务信息通达对视觉表象眼动的影响

通过两个实验探讨了视觉表象任务信息的通达对表象加工眼动的影响。结果表明, 在低通达条件下, 表象任务的眼动复制了知觉任务的眼动; 随着表象任务信息通达水平的提高, 眼动的注视点平均持续时间、平均眼跳距离和平均眼跳时间会发生规律性变化; 眼动控制与任务信息通达水平对表象眼动的影响存在不同的机制。实验结果佐证了眼动在视觉表象中起机能性作用的观点。