视觉工作记忆的过滤效能

过滤效能反映了视觉工作记忆的干扰抑制功能, 研究者可基于储存容量或表征精度对其进行测量, 其神经加工过程主要分为觉察分心项目、过滤启动、实现过滤或储存, 涉及前额叶皮层和基底核、后顶叶皮层的协同作用。过滤效能的变化方向受到年龄、特殊障碍、情绪、认知特点等因素的影响。未来研究仍需解决的问题包括厘清过滤效能与工作记忆容量的关系, 辨明过滤效能的心理实现过程, 探索不同年龄、特殊障碍和职业等群体过滤效能的脑机制以及提升基础研究范式的生态学效度。     

CBT对社交焦虑障碍有效干预的神经预测因子及机器学习应用

认知行为疗法（CBT）是社交焦虑障碍的标准疗法,对其疗效的神经预测因子研究有利于个性化诊疗方案选择。初步证据表明,干预前高级视皮层、背侧前扣带回、背内/外侧前额叶及眶额皮层的功能激活,杏仁核与情绪调节相关脑区的结构与功能连接,情绪性刺激诱发的晚期正成分与治疗后症状的改善有关,因而是潜在的预测因子。基于机器学习的个体化预测存在样本量小的突出问题。未来研究应考虑跨研究机构合作共享大数据,在多模态、多任务条件下收集数据,并在独立样本中验证预测的有效性。     

正常人以及精神障碍人群在合作与竞争中的表现

合作与竞争是社会互动的两种主要形式,也是冲突解决的两种方法,对人际交往具有重要作用,一直以来都受到研究者的广泛关注。但是从心理与社会学角度研究合作与竞争的文献却相对较少,而对于精神障碍人群在合作与竞争中异常表现的原因目前也存在争议。本文从心理与社会学的角度出发,对合作与竞争的神经机制和生物基础进行综合论述,并对精神障碍人群在合作与竞争两种社会互动中的表现进行比较,试图为精神障碍人群在人际交往中的康复训练提供理论依据。     

EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS CAPACITY IN THE GENUS HOMO: TRAIT COMPLEXITY IN ACTION THROUGH COMPASSION

In this third and last article on the evolution of religious capacity, the authors focus on compassion, one of religious expression's common companions. They explore the various meanings of compassion, using Biblical and early related documents, and derive general cognitive components before an evolutionary analysis of compassion using their model. Then, in taking on neural reuse theory, they adapt a model from linguistics theory to understand how neural reuse could have operated to fix religious capacity in the human genome. They present a teaching tool on “Religious Capacity in Action,” and develop an example of compassionate decision making in very early Homo sapiens in North Africa. They round out their analysis of compassion by exploring theory in neuroscience on a standard decision‐making model, and investigate what goes on in the human brain when a values‐based decision is made.     

Polytopes as vehicles of informational content in feedforward neural networks

Localizing content in neural networks provides a bridge to understanding the way in which the brain stores and processes information. In this paper, I propose the existence of polytopes in the state space of the hidden layer of feedforward neural networks as vehicles of content. I analyze these geometrical structures from an information-theoretic point of view, invoking mutual information to help define the content stored within them. I establish how this proposal addresses the problem of misclassification and provide a novel solution to the disjunction problem, which hinges on the precise nature of the causal-informational framework for content advocated herein.     

Cross‐Linguistic Differences in Processing Double‐Embedded Relative Clauses: Working‐Memory Constraints or Language Statistics?

An English double‐embedded relative clause from which the middle verb is omitted can often be processed more easily than its grammatical counterpart, a phenomenon known as the grammaticality illusion. This effect has been found to be reversed in German, suggesting that the illusion is language specific rather than a consequence of universal working memory constraints. We present results from three self‐paced reading experiments which show that Dutch native speakers also do not show the grammaticality illusion in Dutch, whereas both German and Dutch native speakers do show the illusion when reading English sentences. These findings provide evidence against working memory constraints as an explanation for the observed effect in English. We propose an alternative account based on the statistical patterns of the languages involved. In support of this alternative, a single recurrent neural network model that is trained on both Dutch and English sentences is shown to predict the cross‐linguistic difference in the grammaticality effect.     

Freud,Jung and The Great Chain of Being

For some time, it has been clear that psychoanalytic theories are built upon the kind of master narratives Roy Schafer, a New York psychoanalyst, described in 1980. As such, psychoanalytic theories may today have lost some of their initial scientific credibility in that they can no longer be seen as summarizing findings from data collected in a research environment. As aids in participating in their patients’ process of healing, however, narratives continue to be used by practitioners and reflect allegiance to core beliefs and propositions with roots in long‐standing Western thought. In this article, the metaphors in master narratives of Freud and Jung are compared with a conceptual system identified by cognitive linguists as ‘The Great Chain of Being’. Based on this analysis, the article proposes that theoretical formulations have mainly a secondary role to play in achieving good outcomes. The most critical element is the therapist's capacity to access a specific narrative for what transpires throughout each treatment.     

情绪调节策略：认知重评优于表达抑制

Gross提出情绪调节产生于情绪发生的过程中,主要有两种普遍的调节策略：认知重评和表达抑制。本文探讨了这两种策略在情绪反应和神经机制上的异同,以及二者对认知活动造成的不同影响。与表达抑制相比,认知重评能更好地降低情绪体验,减少生理反应和交感神经系统的激活,降低杏仁核的激活水平,并对认知活动不产生影响;而表达抑制虽然能够降低情绪行为,但生理反应和交感神经系统的激活却增强,而杏仁核激活水平并未降低,且干扰认知活动的完成。神经病理学的证据进一步表明,相较于表达抑制,认知重评能更好地调节情绪,有利于人们的身心健康。     

绝对音高者对音乐的加工及其神经机制

绝对音高感是一种特殊的音高命名能力。通过论述绝对音高能力与音乐加工的关系,发现绝对音高者具有对音高、音程和旋律的加工优势,但他们对相对音高的加工存在劣势。同时,与非绝对音高者相比,绝对音高者大脑结构和功能都表现出特殊性。未来研究应进一步厘清音乐训练对绝对音高者音乐加工的影响。