内隐记忆的启动效应

启动效应是指先前经验对当前任务的促进作用。启动效应的研究是内隐记忆研究的重要组成部分。该文对启动效应在认知行为研究、脑损伤患者的神经心理学研究以及功能成像研究方面取得的新进展进行了回顾。在简要评述启动效应研究中存在的问题基础上,对于启动效应研究中的进一步发展,指出建立清晰的概念和构建更有解释效力的理论模型的迫切需要     

抑制性控制的认知与人格因素

本文回顾了认知与人格心理学对抑制基本概念及其加工模型的研究,指出基于认知、人格和神经基础三个维度的整合分析将为抑制性控制提供更为深广的研究空间。     

Consciousness in a multilevel architecture: What causes the lateralization of effective connectivity under resting state?

Here we present our answers to a critical commentary by Elkhonon Goldberg on our recent publication (Velichkovsky et al., 2018). To avoid discussions about novelty effects in the human brain activity and memory processes, we narrowed down this response to a reanalysis of our data along the lines proposed in the commentary, namely to comparing the effective links between symmetrical brain structures during the first and the last parts of a prolonged resting-state fMRI experiment. We also tested for sex differences in our results and checked for a stability of top-down interactions during the course of experiment because learning is often expressed in the weakening of upper level control over low-level mechanisms. Our attempts to test the predictions based on the novelty hypothesis has led to mixed results suggesting that the discovered right-to-left dominance of causal connections at rest may have a deeper origin than supposed in the Goldberg’s commentary.     

Developmental differences in the neural correlates supporting semantics and syntax during sentence processing

School‐aged and adolescent children continue to demonstrate improvements in how they integrate and comprehend real‐time, auditory language over this developmental time period, which can have important implications for academic and social success. To better understand developmental changes in the neural processes engaged during language comprehension in this age group, we use electroencephalography to investigate how 8–9 year old, 12–13 year olds, and adults process semantics and syntax in naturally paced, auditory sentences. Participants listened to semantically and syntactically correct and incorrect sentences and were asked to complete an acceptability judgment task. When processing a semantic error, developmental differences were observed in theta, but not the N400, suggesting that the N400 may be too gross a measure to identify more subtle aspects of semantic development that occur in the school years. For the syntactic task, errors resulted in a larger P600 and greater beta decrease than correct sentences, but the amplitude and location of the P600 and amplitude of beta decreases differed as a function of age, suggesting specialization of syntactic skills is ongoing through adolescence. The current findings shed new light on the development of the neural oscillations supporting language comprehension and suggest that the neural substrates underlying semantic processing reach adult‐like levels at a younger age than those underlying syntactic processing.     

Index tracking based on deep neural network

Deep learning has a strong ability to extract feature representations from data, since it has a great advantage in processing nonlinear and non-stationary data and reflecting nonlinear interactive relationship. This paper proposes to apply deep learning algorithms including deep neural network and deep autoencoder to track index performance and introduces a dynamic weight calculation method to measure the direct effects of the stocks on index. The empirical study takes historical data of Hang Seng Index (HSI) and its constituents to analyze the effectiveness and practicability of the index tracking method. The results show that the index tracking method based on deep neural network has a smaller tracking error, and thus can effectively track the index.     

Surprisingly Neuroplastic Human Brains: Reading,Science, Philosophy,Theology

Human brains, dramatically more complex than anything else in the known universe, are marvelously mutable. Recent neuroscience focuses on how humans create cumulative transmissible cultures which in turn shape mental development. When cultures become literate, cognitive powers escalate. Although until recently only a comparative few learned to read and write, this takes place with the serendipitous re-use of pattern recognizing capacities, such as those for recognizing faces. With sustained reading diligence, as required during education in science, philosophy, and theology, this results in advanced cognitive skills.     

发展性阅读障碍的噪音抑制缺陷

发展性阅读障碍的缺陷本质一直是研究者们关注和争论的焦点。近些年, 有研究者提出了一种新的理论假设——噪音抑制缺陷假设, 并得到了许多研究证据的支持。这种缺陷在视觉和听觉通道中均存在, 说明阅读障碍具有多感觉/一般性噪音抑制缺陷。但也有研究者指出知觉噪音抑制本质上反映了注意的功能, 因而这种缺陷可能是由注意缺陷导致的。目前还缺乏直接证据支持汉语阅读障碍存在噪音抑制缺陷。最后本文对该领域未来的发展方向做出展望。     

道德情绪在道德隐喻映射中的作用及其神经机制

道德隐喻的加工, 实质上是从始源域的身体感知觉经验映射到目标域, 表征抽象道德概念的过程。新近研究从认知神经科学角度揭示道德隐喻加工的神经机制, 进而探讨情绪因素在道德隐喻映射中的作用。道德隐喻映射机制是在具体道德情境中身体感知经验与情绪体验、认知加工相互作用的结果。未来研究应拓展道德隐喻映射的维度和方向, 在社会交互环境中丰富和完善研究范式, 提高生态效度和跨文化效度。     

空间导航的测量及其在认知老化中的应用

空间导航是日常生活所必需的高级认知功能, 参与空间导航的海马及内嗅皮层等脑区易受到老化的影响并导致结构萎缩或功能紊乱。早期研究多利用动物实验、纸笔测验、现实环境等实验范式考察老年人的空间导航老化特点。由于具有与现实环境相似的场景、兼容磁共振成像扫描以及导航者可以与场景交互等优点, 虚拟现实技术被越来越多地被应用到空间导航的老化研究中, 并进一步揭示了海马等内侧颞叶脑区在空间导航老化中的重要作用。