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181.
182.
by Lynne Rudder Baker 《Zygon》2009,44(3):642-658
The extended-mind thesis (EM) is the claim that mentality need not be situated just in the brain, or even within the boundaries of the skin. Some versions take "extended selves" be to relatively transitory couplings of biological organisms and external resources. First, I show how EM can be seen as an extension of traditional views of mind. Then, after voicing a couple of qualms about EM, I reject EM in favor of a more modest hypothesis that recognizes enduring subjects of experience and agents with integrated bodies. Nonetheless, my modest hypothesis allows subpersonal states to have nonbiological parts that play essential roles in cognitive processing. I present empirical warrant for this modest hypothesis and show how it leaves room for science and religion to coexist. 相似文献
183.
大量的神经生理学实验久已证实由刺激引起的外周神经生理效应具有类似于心理物理效应的高度压缩现象。从外周神经纤维中观察到的神经脉冲频率或发生电位是描述这种压缩效应的常用方法。半个多世纪以来一部分研究人员观察到压缩效应遵守刺激强度的线性对数函数,而另一部分研究人员则观察到幂函数。这种传统实验分歧,通过笔者前时建立的刺激一效应方程,得到合理的说明和两者的统一 相似文献
184.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(4):739-759
Hockley, Hemsworth, and Consoli (1999) found that following the study of normal faces, a recognition test of normal faces versus faces wearing sunglasses produced a mirror effect: The sunglasses manipulation decreased hit rates and increased false-alarm rates. The stimuli used by Hockley et al. (1999) consisted of separate poses of models wearing or not wearing sunglasses. In the current experiments, we separately manipulated same versus different depictions of individual faces and whether or not the faces were partially obscured. The results of a simulation and four experiments suggest that the test-based, mirror effect observed by Hockley et al. (1999) is actually two separable effects. 相似文献
185.
186.
信任是指个体在缺乏足够信息来判断他人动机、意图和行为的情况下,将社会资源交给对方处置并承担相应风险的意愿。作为一种基本的社会信号机制,信任对于发展和维持良好社会关系具有重要作用。借助信任博弈范式,研究者揭示了人际信任的认知神经机制并建构了多种理论,包括背叛厌恶理论、社会规范理论、道德规范理论和默认行为模型。脑成像研究发现信任行为主要涉及内侧前额叶、尾状核、杏仁核和脑岛等脑区,其中内侧前额叶主要参与心理推理、情绪认知与调控等过程,尾状核参与同伴值得信赖性的习得与编码,杏仁核和脑岛则主要参与风险、不确定性和背叛恐惧加工。今后研究应侧重不同理论之间的补充与整合,强化不同脑区之间的功能连接与整体性,并注重信任行为中的个体差异。 相似文献
187.
Inferred-process theories propose various internal timing mechanisms to provide discriminative stimuli for temporal control of behavior. Biobehaviorally informed computer simulations indicate that timing may emerge from the action of reinforcement on neural circuits without the need to postulate timers of any sort. 相似文献
188.
R. Duncan Luce 《Psychometrika》1977,42(4):461-489
Four issues are discussed concerning Thurstone's discriminal processes: the distributions governing the representation, the
nature of the response decision rules, the relation of the mean representation to physical characteristics of the stimulus,
and factors affecting the variance of the representation. A neural schema underlying the representation is proposed which
involves samples in time of pulse trains on individual neural fibers, estimators of parameters of the several pulse trains,
samples of neural fibers, and an aggregation of the estimates over the sample. The resulting aggregated estimate is the Thurstonian
representation. Two estimators of pulse rate, which is monotonic with signal intensity, are timing and counting ratios and
two methods of aggregation are averaging and maximizing. These lead to very different predictions in a speed-accuracy experiment;
data indicate that both estimators are available and the aggregation is by averaging. Magnitude estimation data are then used
both to illustrate an unusual response rule and to study the psychophysical law. In addition, the pattern of variability and
correlation of magnitude estimates on successive trials is interpreted in terms of the sample size over which the aggregation
takes place. Neural sample size is equated with selective attention, and is an important factor affecting the variability
of the representation. It accounts for the magical number seven phenomenon in absolute identification and predicts the impact
of nonuniform distributions of intensities on the absolute identification of two frequencies.
1977 Psychometric Society Presidential Address.
This work was supported in part by a grant of the National Science Foundation to Harvard University. I wish to express my
appreciation to S. Burbeck, D. M. Green, M. Shaw, and B. Wandell for their useful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 相似文献
189.
190.
Michael K. Cundall Jr. 《Philosophia》2006,34(4):379-393
In this paper I argue that the cognitive system is best viewed as a continuum of cognitive processing from modules to central
systems rather than having these as discrete and wholly different modes of cognitive processing. I rely on recent evidence
on the development of theory of mind (ToM) abilities and the developmental disorder of autism. I then turn to the phenomenology
of modular processes. I show that modular outputs have a stronger force than non-modular or central system outputs. I then
evaluate social cognitions and show them to occupy a middle ground with respect to phenomenal strength between modular and
non-modular outputs. The evidence presented then seems to indicate a continuum of cognitive processing rather than the traditional
division between modules and central systems.
相似文献
Michael K. Cundall Jr.Email: |