模糊容忍性：研究回顾、现状与展望

模糊容忍性是个体或群体面对一系列不熟悉的、复杂的、或不一致的线索时,对模棱两可的环境刺激信息进行知觉和加工的方式。基于国内外相关研究,文章回顾了模糊容忍性的概念界定和研究历史,认为当前研究现状集中于模糊容忍性的测量及其与组织、文化、个体认知和其他人格变量之间的关系方面。其中,模糊容忍性与创造性的关系尤其值得关注。文章据此给出了未来开展该领域研究的几点建议。     

社会信息加工领域中的情境模型理论

自Wyer和Srull把情境模型理论引入社会信息加工领域以来,情境模型理论成了社会信息加工研究的热点,其自身结构和加工机制也得到研究者的不断完善。该文简要介绍了情境模型理论的内容、结构及其基本假设。即情境模型代表人们在社会信息加工过程中形成的关于具体事件和情节的知识,并且通常在社会信息的理解过程中自动建立。这种模式一旦建立,就为理解新信息及作出相应的判断提供基础。情境模型包括三种基本信息:时空框架、实体集合及实体之间的各种相互关系。认为人们在理解信息的过程中至少需要建构5个维度,即:(1)空间,(2)时间,(3)实体,(4)因果,(5)目的。在此基础上,文章讨论了情境模型理论的未来研究方向。     

时间信息在情景模型建构中的作用

考察时间信息在情景模型建构中的作用 ,探讨被试能否把一系列相关的事实整合进基于时间组织的情景模型中。实验一、二考察明确的空间信息条件下 ,被试能否把绝对和相对的时间信息整合到情景模型中 ;实验三考察无明确的空间信息条件下 ,被试能否把绝对的时间信息整合到情景模型中。运用扇效应研究的提取干扰技术评定是否出现了整合。 3个实验结果一致表明 ,当几个相关的事实发生在相同的时间段时 ,都发现被试建构了基于时间的情景模型的证据。实验三结果同时也表明 ,无明确的空间信息的条件下 ,阅读材料中时间信息本身足以使被试建构基于时间组织的情景模型。     

Conformity of two sociometric relations

The problem of comparing two sociometric relations or measurements (A andB) recorded in distinct sociomatrices was originally discussed by Katz and Powell in the early 1950's and Hubert and Baker in the late 1970's. The problem is considered again using a probabilistic model designed specifically for discrete-valued network measurements. The model allows for the presence of various structural tendencies, such as reciprocity and differential popularity. A parameter that isolates the tendency for actors to choose other actors on both relations simultaneously is introduced, and estimated conditional on the presence of other parameters that reflect additional important network properties. The parameter is presented as a symmetric index but is also generalized to the predictive (A onB orB onA) situation. This approach to the problem is illustrated with the same data used by the earlier solutions, and the unique nature of the two relations in the data set (A = received choices,B = perceived choices), as it affects the modeling, is discussed. Significance tests for the parameter and related parameters are described, as well as an extension to more than two relations.Research support provided by National Science Grant #SES84-08626 to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I am grateful to Dawn Iacobucci and Sheila Weaver for assistance with the research reported here, and to Carolyn Anderson, James Green, David Holtgrave, and four anonymous referees for comments on the paper.     

Effects of situational demand in the role-play assessment of assertive behavior

Assertive and nonassertive subjects role played responses to interpersonal situations of known response difficulty in which various types of assertions were appropriate to evaluate the interactive effects of demand and difficulty on assertive performance. Subjects responded as they normally would (low demand) and as if they had just finished an extensive assertive training program (high demand). Role-play data, rated for overall assertion, revealed that (a) subjects were more assertive under high than low-demand; (b) assertive performance varied with situational difficulty; and (c) self-reports of assertive ability predicted behavior only when role-play situations were easy or demand low, and high demand had preceded low demand. It was concluded that assertive performance is strongly influenced by situational and cognitive variables, that self-reports predict behavior only in specific assessment circumstances, and that role plays tend to measure maximal, rather than typical, performance. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications concerning the validity of role-play assessment procedures.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Toronto, Canada, November 1981.     

从人脑到计算机─—鸿沟能否逾越

人类对人脑及其精神活动过程的彻底了解,意味着哲学上的根本性事件的发生。所谓彻底的了解,标志就是人类对这种精神活动的成功模拟和再现。作为神经科学的分支和广延的人工智能的兴起,使人类有理由希望：存在于人脑与计算机之间的鸿沟终将被人类逾越。     

汉语句子格角色分配的一种神经网络方法

提出了一个基于分布式表征的计算模型,通过并行分布加工方式完成六类汉语句子的格角色分配任务。模型是一个四层的前传网络,包括输入层（词的分布式表征层）,两个隐层,输出层（格角色层）;其中第一隐层的一部分反馈到输入层。模型采用误差反传算法,通过提供学习样本和目标输出,不断调整三个权值矩阵,使得网络稳定时能得到正确的结果。经过训练后的网络具有一定的稳定性和鲁棒性。还对这种方法与传统的符号处理方法作了比较和分析。     

Aging, Memory, and Comprehension

There are changes in the ability to comprehend and remember information with aging. In general, older adults perform more poorly than younger adults at tasks that require knowledge of the information that was actually encountered. However, they can perform as well as or better than younger adults at tasks involving more global levels of understanding, such as in the use ofinformation in a situation model. This increased emphasis on situation models may serve to compensate for deficits at lower levels of processing and may be achieved through more focused selection of situation-defining information, increased dependence on schemas, and a broader generation and use of inferences.     

Technology and the management of trust in insurance medicine

This article deals with the question how technologycontributed to the performing of objective assessmentsof health risks and to the public trust in theinsurance institution. Many authors have pointed tothe relevance of medical or statistical technologywith regard to the constitution of objectivity,because these technologies should be capable ofdiminishing the influence of social interactions – the``human element' – on the process of producingknowledge about health risks. However, in this articleit is shown that the constitution of objective riskassessments and public trust cannot be seen as theproduct of one particular type of technology, but thatit is the product of a socio-technical network, inwhich several heterogeneous elements becomeinterrelated and interdependant. The historicalreconstruction of this network also sheds a new lighton the role of `the human element' in the constitutionof objectivity and trust. It shows that elements inthe network which regulate the social interactionbetween the subjects involved are of no lessimportance to generate trust than technologies whichtend to abstract from this interaction. In otherwords, objective and subjective elements areintertwined much more than is often recognized, andpublic trust is to a fairly large degree depends onconventions in social interaction.     

System and flexibility in law

Usually, rhetoric is supposed to provide a model of law which describes legal interactions as volitive, arbitrary, and void of any system. However, the Mainz School, founded by Theodor Viehweg, proves the contrary: without referring to any metaphysics, such as consensus or auditoire universel, it seeks to discover the systematic character and the more or less flexible structures of legal rhetoric.